Bargiel admired his brother-in-law and his sister very much and dedicated two compositions to them. In, Gates, Eugene. In 1854, Robert was hospitalized after attempting suicide, and he died in 1856 without regaining his mental health. 20. [41], In January 1867, Schumann toured Edinburgh and Glasgow, Scotland, along with Joachim, Piatti, Ries, and Zerbini. Over time, her repertoire improved, with the dropping of flashy display pieces in favor of works by Mozart, Beethoven, Chopin, Mendelssohn, Schumann, and Brahms. "[25] In May 1853, they heard Joachim play the solo part in Beethoven's Violin Concerto. [6][49][51], She was the only woman on the faculty. [51][75] She also edited 20 sonatas by Domenico Scarlatti, letters (Jugendbriefe) by her husband in 1885, and his piano works with fingering and other instructions (Fingersatz und Vortragsbezeichnungen) in 1886. Mr. Wieck was a piano teacher of high repute. [57] In 1879, their son Felix died aged 24. Marie Wieck, like Alwin Wieck, promoted the dissemination of her fathers teaching methods and published several works on the teaching practice of Friedrich Wieck. Brahms dedicated the variations to both Schumanns, hoping that Robert would be released soon and rejoined with his family. In July 1859, she went to London where she taught at the Metcalfe Institute of Music in Hendon (now incorporated into London) until the beginning of 1868. Here's another of Fanny's late masterpiece Piano Trio, Opus 11 (1840). The lives of the sons were sadder: Ludwig was confined to an asylum in 1870; Felix, like Julie, died of tuberculosis; Ferdinand died in 1891, addicted to morphine due to chronic back pain, after which his mother assumed the financial support of his six children. Geburtstag der Pianistin und Komponistin", "Linds and Clrchens: Women Musicians and National Currency", "Review: Clara Schumann Three Romances for violin and piano, Op. [43], Schumann still performed actively in the 1870s and 1880s. Corrections? Born Clara Josephine Wieck in Leipzig, Germany, on September 13, 1819; died at Frankfurt am Main on May 20, 1896; daughter of Friedrich Wieck (a music teacher) and Marianne (Tromlitz) Wieck (a wellknown singer); received only a few months of general education, then education in music from her father, and languages; married Robert Schumann (the composer), on September 12, 1840; children: Marie (b. Rising pianist Isata Kanneh-Mason illuminates the world of her musical heroine, Clara Schumann, in her 200th anniversary year. [93] The New Weimar Club, a formal society with Liszt at its center, held an anniversary celebration of the Neue Zeitschrift fr Musik, the magazine Robert Schumann had founded, in his birthplace Zwickau, and conspicuously neglected to invite members of the opposing party, including his widow, Clara. From the age of five, she was taught the piano by Louis Anger, then by her father, who kept a diary for Marie, as previously for Clara. Severed from her father, Clara Schumann now faced combining marriage with a concert career, and although she continued to appear in concerts around Leipzig, her longer tours became increasingly rare. 28 March 1903 in Eger, Bohemia, now Cheb, Czech Republic; d. 8 May 1991 in Guilford, Vermont), pianist best known for his interpretations and rec, Amy Beach [10], From September 1831 to April 1832, Clara toured Paris and other European cities, accompanied by her father. 10, and Variations on a Theme by Robert Schumann, Op. Her career as a pianist took her to many European countries, such as to Switzerland in 1851, to Vienna and Italy in 1855, to Britain in 1864/65, to Russia in 1870, and to Scandinavia in 1879. Together, they encouraged Johannes Brahms and maintained a close relationship with him. "Clara Schumann: New Cadenzas for Mozart's Piano Concerto in D Minor. Despite this slow start, she proved to be an intelligent child, and Wieck, a brilliant, creative teacher whose methods continue to hold interest for piano pedagogues, wanted to use her musical gifts to validate his pedagogical approach. George Bernard Shaw, the leading playwright and also a music critic, wrote that the Popular Concerts helped greatly to spread and enlighten musical taste in England. In the last year of her life, she left several sketches for piano preludes, designed for piano students, as well as some published cadenzas for her performances of Beethoven and Mozart piano concertos. She wrote that musical "artists" in England "allow themselves to be treated as inferiors. Only modestly gifted, (b. [59], Their oldest child Marie was of great support and help to her mother, taking the position of household cook. She died quickly and unexpectedly whilst on holiday, in the presence of her mother and all siblings, at the age of only 33. . When she was five years old, her parents divorced and Clara lived with her father. and I felt very melancholy ].Ccilie Bargiel had to spend the last years of her life in a nursing home in Waldsieversdorf near Lake Scharmtzel, where she died in 1910. After Robert Schumann's early death, she continued her concert tours in Europe for decades, frequently with the violinist Joseph Joachim and other chamber musicians. 1848), Ferdinand (b. [101] Possibly the best-known film is Song of Love (1947) starring Katharine Hepburn as Clara, Paul Henreid as Robert, and Robert Walker as Brahms. Clara's great-grandfather, Johann George Tromlitz, had been a widely known flutist, teacher, and flute maker; her grandfather, George Christian Tromlitz, was a cantor. Although the court attempted to reconcile the parties, Wieck would have none of it and poured slander after slander on Robert's head; he also appropriated Clara's savings and refused her access to her personal belongings. 2023 . A lasting friendship developed between Clara and Joseph, which for more than forty years never failed her in things great or small, never wavered in its loyalty. She travelled extensively and performed before sold-out audiences and received extravagant praise from the critics. In 1838 she was honoured by the Austrian court and also was elected to the prestigious Society of the Friends of Music (Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde) in Vienna. She gave her last concerts in Dresden at the age of 84 in December 1914 and January 1915. [2] Clara's parents had irreconcilable differences, in part due to her father's unyielding nature. The family, including Clara Schumann, was profoundly shocked by her death. "[37] She was happy, though, to hear the cellist Alfredo Piatti play with "a tone, a bravura, a certainty, such as I never heard before". Name variations: Clara Wieck. The critics acknowledged a convincing artistic achievement of the eleven-year-old. She then had to practice for two hours every day. On the recommendation of Clara Schumann, she lived at the Jagetzow manor near Jarmen as a companion to Mrs Rodbertus and piano teacher of her daughter Anna between the autumn of 1853 and the summer of 1858. The best known woman composer of her time period and the first in the United States, Amy Beach (1867-1944) did not just create sm, Landowska, Wanda Clara described Eugen Bargiel in July 1842, when he and Woldemar spent the holidays with the Schumanns, as sincere and good-natured; he was a merchant who then emigrated to Romania. She wrote that he played "with a finish, a depth of poetic feeling, his whole soul in every note, so ideally, that I have never heard violin-playing like it, and I can truly say that I have never received so indelible an impression from any virtuoso." Clara Schumann: Prodigy, Rebel, and Renowned Pianist. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1986, pp. Later on in 1864 he went to the Hhere Brgerschule' in Karlsruhe and afterwards started an apprenticeship as a bookseller. Clara gave her debut concert in Leipzig at the age of seven playing Kalkbrenner 's duet, Variations on a March from . Schumann famously rescued her children from violence during the May Uprising in Dresden in 1849. [2] Prompted by an affair between her mother and Adolph Bargiel, her father's friend,[3][4] the Wiecks were divorced in 1825, with Mariane later marrying Bargiel. Ccilie was sickly, and in the spring of 1886, she went to Italy with her friend Laura Peters with the hope to improve her suffering, staying in Cadenabbia, Rome, Capri, and other places until October 1890.Claras relationship with her half-sister was close enough so that she would spend a few summer holidays together with her. [c] Joachim visited London annually beginning in 1866. [5], From an early age, Clara's father planned her career and life down to the smallest detail. Rick Fulker. Robert had a mental breakdown and left for a mental hospital, where he would die a couple of years later. By. Encouraged by her father, she studied piano from the age of five and by 1835 had established a reputation throughout Europe as a child prodigy. [53], She was the main breadwinner for her family and the sole one after her husband was hospitalized and then died. On the other hand, for more than a year, Clara . Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. She promoted his works tirelessly throughout her life. Clara Schumann (Clara Josephine Wieck) was born on 13 September, 1819 in Leipzig, Kingdom of Saxony [now Saxony, Germany], is a Soundtrack, Music Department, Composer. The Weimar school promoted the idea of program music,[85] while both the Schumanns and Brahms of the Leipzig/Berlin school were strict in their stance that music must and can only be absolute music,[86] a term derisively coined by Wagner. [97] She was one of the first pianists to perform from memory, making it the standard for concerts. [11] Not only did her husband predecease her, but so did four of their children. "I think I played fresher than ever", she wrote to Brahms, "What I liked very much about the concert was that I was able to give Woldemar the direction of it, who had longed for such an opportunity for years. Four months after her youngest brother's birth in January 1824, her mother requested a legal separation. She lived from 1819 - 1896. . Birth of Julie Marmorito. She began touring at age eleven, and was successful in Paris and Vienna, among other cities. Schumann's children all assisted their mother, considering her "the greatest thing [they] possessed in all the world." 20 through 23. He received music lessons from an early age and then became a pupil of Siegfried Wilhelm Dehn in Berlin. She was married to the composer Robert Schumann, and the pair had seven young children. [31], Clara Schumann has been portrayed on screen many times. Clara Schumann (birth name Clara Josephine Wieck) was a German Composer and Pianist. )- (Tom Schumacher), Schuppe, Ernst Julius Wilhelm (18361913), https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/schumann-clara-1819-1896. Clara was still only nine when she met Robert Schumann at the home of friends. She held Anton Bruckner's Seventh Symphony in very low esteem and wrote to Brahms, describing it as "a horrible piece". 211227. Two sisters, Louisa and Susanna Pyne, singers and managers of an opera company in England, and a man named Saunders, made all the arrangements. The year he married Clara, Robert composed 138 songs, some of them among the greatest of the 19th century. by Peter Ostwald. All other family members - especially her husband and children - can be found on the side [ Robert Schumann/Familie ]. Weiteren funktionellen Cookies knnen Sie gesondert in den Cookie-Einstellungen oder durch Besttigung des Buttons "Akzeptieren" zustimmen. Clara Schumann gave birth to eight childrenMarie Schumann (b. The Schumanns were admirers of Chopin, especially of Variations on "L ci darem la mano", and she played the piece herself. Austrian-born pianist Artur Schnabel (18821951) was the first artist to record all of Beethoven's piano sonatas. Clara Schumann (ne Clara Josephine Wieck; 13 September 1819 - 20 May 1896) was a German musician and composer, considered one of the most distinguished pianists of the Romantic era. She developed a close friendship with Johannes Brahms, who had been a housefriend and admirer of the Schumanns; but despite his many . She produced one to eight compositions every year beginning at age 11, until her output stopped in 1848, producing only a choral work that year for her husband's birthday and leaving her second piano concerto unfinished. Still, the two siblings reconciled shortly before Alwins death, to Claras great relief.Clara herself promoted Alwin, inter alia, at the piano manufacturing company Grotrian-Steinweg in Braunschweig so that he would receive a price reduction when he bought a new grand piano; she sometimes also spent the summer holidays with him, including the last summer before his death. Piatti, too, is always tremendously liked. Clara Schumann was born in Leipzig, Germany. [64], As part of the broad musical education given to her by her father, Clara Wieck learned to compose, and from childhood to middle age she produced a good body of work. [27] The two were particularly noted for their playing of Beethoven's violin sonatas. "Clara Schumann ne Wieck," in The Art of the Piano. When he performed, Liszt flailed his arms, tossed his head, and pursed his lips,[88] inspiring a Lisztomania across Europe which has been compared to the Beatlemania of female fans of The Beatles over a century later. 09/13/2019. Finding an orchestra, another of the tasks required of a performer, sometimes proved daunting, so she dispensed with the custom. [35], The couple remained joint partners in both family life and their careers. As her siblings she grew up in various boarding schools at different . After that, she became independent and lived together with her friend Agnes von Bohlen. Like Clara, Marie also did not attend state school but was taught by private tutors, with a focus on foreign languages. In 1837, when she was 18, he proposed to her and she accepted. 1841); Elise (b. Her husband, renowned German composer Robert Schumann, died in 1856. Who are Bruno Mars' siblings? At the same age, Clara had already given her debut at the Leipzig Gewandhaus concert hall. Among Clara Schumann's family members only her parents, her siblings and half siblings (both paternal and maternal) are listed. To support her family, Clara Schumann went back to extended touring, eager now to bring Robert's music to the world. [6] Her chamber works include the Piano Trio in G minor, Op. "[47], She played her last public concert in Frankfurt on 12 March 1891. Encyclopedia.com. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). In Vienna, her appearance was such a sensation that she was awarded the honorary position of chamber musician (K.k. Another daughter, Eugenie, who had been too young when her father died to remember him, wrote a book, Erinnerungen (Memoirs), published in 1925, covering her parents and Brahms.[60][61]. The burden of family duties increased over time and narrowed her ability as an artist. Clara had three brothers and a half-sister, Marie. [31] She trained only advanced pupils, mostly young women, while her two daughters gave lessons to beginners. Schumann, Music's Unsung Renaissance Woman. Clara was a child prodigy, and was trained by her father. [94] Wagner had poked fun at the musical conservatives in an essay, portraying them as "a musical temperance society" awaiting a Messiah. "[42] Marie also wrote: "For the longer journeys we had a saloon [car], comfortably furnished with arm-chairs and sofas the journey was very comfortable." Robert meanwhile did not give up his suit, and met her in secret. "Robert Schumann and Clara Wieck: a Creative Partnership," in Music & Letters. 2. He appeared to recognize her, but could only speak a few words. On October 15, 1837, Clara set off on a tour of Austria, where she risked playing new music by Liszt, Schumann, and Beethoven. The family, including Clara Schumann, was profoundly shocked by her death. As a chamber musician, she often gave concerts with violinist Joachim. [30], During Robert Schumann's last years, confined to an asylum, Brahms was a strong presence for the Schumann family. Part of her responsibility included earning money by giving concerts, though she continued to play throughout her life, not just for the income but because she was an artist by training and nature. Schumann, Clara (1819-1896)Famous German concert pianist, composer and music teacher, wife of the composer Robert Schumann, whose innovations in performance during a 60-year career helped to shape the standard modern-day piano repertory. Ccilie was always so nice to me, so attentive, although she is already so old and actually in need of care. A 2008 film, Geliebte Clara (Beloved Clara), was directed by Helma Sanders-Brahms. [13] On 15 March, she was named a Knigliche und Kaiserliche sterreichische Kammer-virtuosin ("Royal and Imperial Austrian Chamber Virtuoso"),[14] Austria's highest musical honor. [40] Schumann also spent many years in London participating in the Popular Concerts with Joachim and the celebrated Italian cellist Carlo Alfredo Piatti. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1985. She edited the collected edition of her husbands works (published 188193). . She was known for her extraordinary piano skills and for her collaborations with Johannes Brahms. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. In March 1854, Brahms, Joachim, Albert Dietrich, and Julius Otto Grimm spent time with Clara Schumann, playing music for her and with her to divert her mind from the tragedy. The couple wrote and published one joint composition in 1841, setting a cycle of poems by Friedrich Rckert called Liebesfrhling (Spring of Love) in Zwlf Lieder auf F. Rckerts Liebesfrhling, her Op. B. das sichere Einloggen, das Laden von Bildern oder die Auswahl Ihrer Cookie-Einstellungen. 1843); Julie (b. [] What saddens me deeply is the fact that Alwin had grieved so terribly in the last months, because he was not mentioned even with a single word in the newspapers on the occasion of my fathers 100th birthday, after he had been so committed to disseminating the method of our father with tireless diligence and had achieved the best results with it. [31], After her marriage, she turned to lieder and choral works. During the years 1832 to 1835, Robert Schumann composed some of his greatest works. Robert and Clara decided to go to court and sue him. From the time of the Schumann brothers' dramatic death, Clara devoted herself principally to the interpretation of their works. 1848); Ferdinand (b. She had a special gift for fine handcrafts which her mother, for instance, gave to Clara Schumann on her birthdays. He was also friends with Johannes Brahms, with whom he worked on the Chopin and Schumann complete editions. Burton, Anna. 9. Updates? The New Philharmonic Society began operating in 1852 with Dr. Wylde as co-founder: Some printed programs have been preserved in Arts & Humanities Research Council, Clara Schumann: Piano Trio in G minor, played by Galos Piano Trio at St. Martin in the Fields on 26 May 2015, Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Handel, her own piano versions of his orchestral works, Vol. She started receiving basic piano instruction from her mother at the age of four. [46] She rested for the remainder of the year before returning to the concert stage in March 1875. To support herself and her children, Clara threw herself into touring. Made performance debut at age nine (1828); during an extended tour in Austria, awarded the honorary position of chamber musician (K.k. Trained by her father to play by ear and memorize, she gave public performances from memory as early as age thirteen, a fact noted as exceptional by her reviewers. She took a break from concert performances, beginning in January 1874, cancelling her usual England tour due to an arm injury. In a marriage which combined two careers with so many children, it was inevitable that some conflicts would arise. [28], In early 1853, the then-unknown 20-year-old Johannes Brahms met Joachim and made a very favorable impression. Beginning in 1878, she was an influential piano educator at Dr. Hoch's Konservatorium in Frankfurt, where she attracted international students. When Clara Schumann died on May 20, 1896, at age 77, she had dominated the concert stage for much of the 19th century. Name variations: Clara Wieck. She demanded two assistants, with her daughters Marie and Eugenie in mind. September brings the 200th birthday of a composer whose name is familiar, but whose creative legacy deserves far greater recognition. Woldemar Bargiel was the first son from Marianes marriage to the piano and singing teacher Adolph Bargiel and was born in Berlin. 5 4 Pices caractristiques in 1836, all piano pieces for her recitals. [98][99], Schumann influenced pianists through her teaching, which emphasized expression and a singing tone, with technique subordinated to the intentions of the composer. She became one of the first soloists to play concerts without supporting artists and soon considered it preferable. [12] She performed to sell-out crowds and laudatory critical reviews; Benedict Randhartinger, a friend of Franz Schubert, gave her an autographed copy of Schubert's Erlknig, inscribing it "To the celebrated artist, Clara Wieck. [11] The tour marked her transition from a child prodigy to a young woman performer. She performed extensively and regularly throughout Germany during these decades, and had engagements in Austria, Hungary, Belgium, Holland, and Switzerland. London: Rockliff, 1947, pp. Although Schumann was not widely recognized as a composer for many years after her death, she had a lasting effect as a pianist. Mariana also visited Clara with her daughters Clementine and Ccilie in Baden-Baden in the 1860s.On 15th August 1895, Clara wrote in her diary: [Departure of Ccilie and Laura [Peters] we will miss them a lot. She spent her childhood studying piano . NY: Summit, 1989, pp. 1845 March 11, 1845. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. But Robert, the musical public, and reviewers all took Clara's compositions seriously. 22", "Clara Schumann, ne Wieck (18191896), wife", "Mariane Wieck-Bargiel, ne Tromlitz (17971872), mother of Clara Schumann", "Five forgotten female composers will be celebrated on BBC Radio 3", "Piano Concerto in A Minor, Op. Second violinist Joseph Ries (brother of composer Ferdinand Ries) and violist J. She also began to play by memory rather than reading from music during concerts, which was then unusual. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. 69, no. B. indem sie Ihre Anmeldedaten speichern, die Videoleistung optimieren oder uns Informationen darber geben, wie unsere Website genutzt wird. [8], She often took charge of finances and general household affairs. Wieck, Adelheid (1817/18), sister Wieck, Friedrich Alwin Feodor (1821-1885), brother Since Clara was at home in the center of attention, her brothers Alwin and Gustav were not supported to the same extent Clara was and were soon leaving home to be on their . Several films have focused on Schumann's life, the earliest being Trumerei (Dreaming) of 1944. Beginning in 1853, the Schumanns developed a close professional and personal friendship with the composer Johannes Brahms that Clara maintained after her husbands death in 1856. Kammervirtuosin), generally reserved for much older performers. Several of the proponents and signers of the manifesto, including Joachim, relented and joined the "other side". Leonard Borwick, Nathalie Janotha , Ilona Eibenschtz , and Adelina de Lara. She gave concerts and taught, and she did most of the work of organizing her own concert tours. She began studying the piano with her domineering and difficult father, whom her mother, a talented singer, later divorced. [58] In 1891, their son Ferdinand died at the age of 41, leaving his children to her care. August 7, 2019 Isata Kanneh-Mason, one of seven siblings in a British family bursting with promising music careers, . Between 1849 and 1859, he was a member of the Italian Opera Orchestra in St Petersburg and then lived in Dresden, working as a music teacher. [8], Clara Wieck made her official debut on 28 October 1828 at the Gewandhaus in Leipzig, at age nine. Clara Josephine Wieck was born in Leipzig, Germany, on September 13, 1819, the oldest child in a musical family. Regarded as one of the most distinguished pianists of the Romantic era, she exerted her influence over the course of a 61-year concert career, changing the format and repertoire of the piano recital by lessening the importance of purely virtuosic works. (Getty)To Friedrich's horror, Clara fell in love with Robert, nine years her senior. 54 / work by Schumann", International Music Score Library Project, Clara Schumann: A Composers Wife as Composer, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clara_Schumann&oldid=1152121828, Chamber virtuosi of the Emperor of Austria, Honorary Members of the Royal Philharmonic Society, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes), Articles with German-language sources (de), Articles with Italian-language sources (it), Articles with Dutch-language sources (nl), Articles with International Music Score Library Project links, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Burstein, L. Poundie: "Their Paths, Her Ways Comparison of Text Settings by Clara Schumann and Other Composers". During that tour, the violinist Niccol Paganini, who was also in Paris, offered to appear with her. [31] His letters indicate his strong feelings for Clara. However, as she became a more independent artist, her repertoire contained mainly music by leading composers. [39] St. James's Hall in London, which opened in 1858, hosted a series of "Popular Concerts" of chamber music. Although Schumann remained close to her mother, her father was the dominant figure in her life. He played a new violin concerto by Felix Mendelssohn, which is said to be wonderful. [20] Brahms composed some private piano pieces for her to console her: four piano pieces and a set of variations on a theme by Robert Schumann that she had also written variations on a year earlier, as her Op. In her early years, her repertoire, selected by her father, was showy and in the style common to the time, with works by Friedrich Kalkbrenner, Adolf von Henselt, Sigismond Thalberg, Henri Herz, Johann Peter Pixis, Carl Czerny and her own compositions. Clara Wieck was born on September 13, 1819, in Leipzig. She turned to including compositions by Baroque composers such as Domenico Scarlatti and Johann Sebastian Bach, but performed especially contemporary music by Chopin, Mendelssohn and her husband, whose music did not attain popularity until the 1850s. Clara Schumann, ne Wieck, was born in Leipzig on 13 September 1819 and shot to fame as a child prodigy, performing in Paris . [72] Five years later, however, when she was 34 in 1853, the year she met Brahms, she engaged in a flurry of composing, resulting in 16 pieces that year: a set of piano variations on an "Album Leaf" of her husband (his Op. In 1838 she was honoured by the Austrian court . Her father Friedrich Wieck supported the family through teaching music, operating a musical lending library, and handling the rental, sales and repair of pianos; her mother Marianne Tromlitz was a singer who performed frequently in the Leipzig Gewandhaus, and had also grown up in a musical family. [31] She planned a second piano concerto, but only a Konzertsatz in F minor from 1847 survived. Reich, Nancy B. Clara Schumann: The Artist and the Woman. There, she met another gifted young pianist who had been invited to the musical evening, Robert Schumann, who was nine years older. I never would have dreamed how difficult it would be to get accepted to her class. Her life was partly defined by her marriage to German composer Robert Schumann, whose keyboard works she championed as a performer, but her own accomplishments, which include a small but important body of . Concerto: The Story of Clara Schumann. ", This page was last edited on 28 April 2023, at 10:06. First editions and early prints (Brahms Institute in Lbeck), Clara Wiecks Journey with her father in Fictionalised Biographies, Schumann as accompanist. Romantic Visions of a Classical Masterpiece. [36] She was displeased with the little time spent on rehearsals: "They call it a rehearsal here if a piece is played through once." [21], For the entire two years of Robert Schumann's stay at the institution, his wife was not permitted to visit him, while Brahms visited him regularly. Robert then asked her father for her hand in marriage. During their 14-year marriage, while she managed to perform on innumerable concert stages, he was composing some of the world's most beautiful music. Although she was self-confident as a performer, she seemed less certain of her original works, and often needed Robert's encouragement to finish them. He was so pleased with the last letter I wrote to him. Clara Schumann gave her last performance as a pianist in 1891 when she was 71, crowning a performing career that had lasted more than 60 years. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [90][91], Partisans led active campaigns with public demonstrations at concerts, writings published in the press denigrating reputations, and other public slights designed to embarrass their adversaries.
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