Mutation rates at Y chromosome specific microsatellites. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 66: 674686. Correspondence to or even E1b1a(not to mention all the mtDNA L lineages found as well). E1b1a2 E1b1a2 is defined by the SNP mutation M329. Berniell-Lee G, Calafell F, Bosch E et al. M81 would first have spread with the Carthaginian elite, then once they were defeated by the Romans and annexed to the empire, their descendants would have been free to migrate to various parts of the empire from North Africa, Sicily, Sardinia and Iberia, some eventually reaching France and Britain. To obtain So what exactly is the definition of a hamite? Am J Phys Anthropol 1987; 30: 151194. It was first reported in a person from the Gambia.[76]. New York: Columbia University Press, 1987. Genetic and demographic implications of the Bantu expansion: insights from human paternal lineages. The YCAII STR marker value of 1919 is also usually indicative of U175. It's typical of all E1b1b haplogroups, but E1b1a has instead 438=11 and only 2% of E1b1a samples have 438=10. Southern Neolithic route brought Megaliths from the Levant to Western Europe, Y-DNA samples tested from Neolithic Europe. [29] West Africans, bearing the Benin sickle cell haplotype, may have migrated into the northern region of Iraq (69.5%), Jordan (80%), Lebanon (73%), Oman (52.1%), and Egypt (80.8%). Each of these two lineages has a peculiar geographic distribution. Ann Hum Genet 2001; 65: 439458. People and Disease. Detection of numerous Y chromosome biallelic polymorphisms by denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography. We analyse frequencies of halpogroups and estimates of TMRCA to answer two questions: (a) Is there evidence of more than one expansion of paternal line ancestors of Bantu-speaking people living in present day sub-Saharan Africa? Little genetic differentiation as assessed by uniparental markers in the presence of substantial language variation in peoples of the Cross River region of Nigeria. Sample sizes are indicated within the pie charts. Franz Kafka, a German-speaking Bohemian novelist and short-story writer, who is widely regarded as one of the major figures of 20th-century literature probably belonged to E-Y161794, a Jewish branch of haplogroup E-M81, based on the Y-DNA test of another Kafka from Czechia at FTDNA. E1b1a and E1b1b are PN2 clade lineages. Mol Biol Evol 2006; 23: 482490. Also downstream of CTS1096, the Y14891 and Z21018 clades are typically found among people of Jewish ancestry, while PF6391 and Z21421 are found in the Levant (Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan) and the Arabian peninsula. Previously collected buccal-swab DNA samples from ethnic groups across sub-Saharan Africa were extracted by the standard phenol-chloroform method. Or it may have left Africa and became E1b1b after admixture with West Asians. [21], In Granada, a Muslim (Moor) of the Cordoba Caliphate,[22] who was of haplogroups E1b1a1 and H1+16189,[23][24] as well as estimated to date between 900 CE and 1000 CE, and a Morisco,[22] who was of haplogroup L2e1,[23][24] as well as estimated to date between 1500 CE and 1600 CE, were both found to be of West African (i.e., Gambian) and Iberian descent. The exact position of V43 and V95 within these three subclades and E1b1a1a1b (M116.2), E1b1a1a1c (M149), and E1b1a1a1d (M155) Grard Lucotte et al. It is known from a single carrier in Mali. A1b1b-M32 has a wide distribution including Khoisan speaking and East African populations, and scattered members on the Arabian Peninsula. (2018) tested the DNA of seven 15,000-year-old modern humans from Taforalt Cave in northeastern Morocco, and all of the six males belonged to haplogroup E-M78. The weak point of this hypothesis is that it doesn't explain how M81 reached places like France, Britain, Greece or Turkey, nor even northern Spain. Anthropology, archaeology, linguistics and, in recent decades, genetics have been used to elucidate some of the events and processes involved. Due to the scarcity of full genomic sequences available from the Balkans, it is not yet clear when E-V13 expanded in that region. E1b1b lineages are closely linked to the diffusion of Afroasiatic languages. E1b1b's gradient in the maps shows in Levant its 24% in Palestine, 17% Lebanon, 14% Syria, 10% Turkey so it should have been say 4% in extreme southern . In this study, haplogroup E1b1a8a1a, the haplogroup with the shortest TMRCA, was observed in all eastern data sets (three from Malawi, one from Mozambique (in both cases, all speakers of Guthrie classification Bantu languages N and P spoken on the eastern side of Africa) and one from Pretoria, n (samples)=18) but in none of the eight western groups (all speakers of Guthrie classification Bantu languages H, B and C spoken on the western side of Africa) (Fishers exact test: haplogroup present/absent in data set P=0.0008; haplogroup frequency P<0.0001). In . Because the West-Central African E1b1a data set is sufficiently large (n=516; eight groups), we would have expected to observe the E1b1a8a1a haplotype, if present at a frequency as low as 0.0058. The Harvey Y-DNA Genetic Project managed to retrace the ancestry and identify the Y-chromosomal haplogroup of William Harvey (1578 -1657), the first person to describe completely and in detail the systemic circulation and properties of blood being pumped to the body by the heart. E1b1a1a1f is defined by L485. Comparisons made without including data sets from South Africa and Mozambique, so as to exclude the possibility of admixture between western and eastern Bantu-speaking expansions in the southern extremity of the continent, remain significant for both presence/absence of E1b1a8a1a in data sets and for frequency of the haplogroup (P<0.01). Nature 1998; 394: 138140. Ironically this haplogroup thought to be at the origin of Afro-Asiatic languages, which includes the Semitic languages and peoples that Hitler despised so much. However, Razib Khan in this podcast says that E1b1a was pretty common among ancient Levantines. 438=10 is a normal value. Excoffier L, Laval G, Schneider S : Arlequin (version 3.0): an integrated software package for population genetics data analysis. Approximately 20% of Ashkenazi Jews belong to haplogroup E1b1b. Google Scholar. E1b1b used to be E3b, but always is E-M215 or E-M35. All of the groups characterised in this study speak a Niger-Congo language, except for the Anuak in south-west Ethiopia who speak a Nilo-Saharan language. E-M34 is the main Middle Eastern variety of E1b1b and is thought to have arrived with the Proto-Semitic people in the Late Copper to Early Bronze Age. E1b1a1 is defined by markers DYS271/M2/SY81, M291, P1/PN1, P189, P293, V43, and V95. The probability of observing a particular haplotype, if present, in a randomly collected set was assessed by the equation (1q)n=(1P), where P is the probability of observing the haplotype, q is the minimum frequency of the haplotype to be observed and n is the number of chromosomes. The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations. Only two other haplogroups exceeded 5% of the total: BT* (xDE,KT) (7.5%) and E* (xE1b1a) (5.1%). Rare deep-rooting Y chromosome lineages in humans: lessons for phylogeography. [25] Lisa was of West African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-Z6020 and H100. like the Levant or the southern Arabian Peninsula could have served as an incubator for the early diversification of non-African uniparental haplogroup varieties like Y chromosome DE-YAP*, CF-P143* and mtDNA M and N . de Filippo C, Barbieri C, Whitten M et al. [25] Isi was of western Central African ancestry and carried haplogroup L3e2a. E-V13's presence in this culture would explain why modern Iranians and Kurds possess E-V13, in addition to R1a-Z93 and R1b-Z2103. Also in favor of E1b1b-V22 is the fact that E1b1a occurs in 2% of Egyptians, while E1b1b-V22 occurs in 15% of north Egyptians, 5% in Egyptians from several oasis to the west of the Nile, and 4% in south Egyptians. Genome Res 2008; 18: 830838. In this study, we analyse, as did Alves et al,33 both UEP and short tandem repeat (STR) (in this study restricted to NRY) to show that geographic frequency distributions and the time to the most recent common ancestors (TMRCAs) of haplogroups, comprising haplogroup E1b1a in 43 sub-Saharan African groups (n=2757) with diverse linguistic affiliations (Supplementary Figure S1), reveal multiple waves of expansion from West Africa, with a late expansion along the eastern route but not the western. But in any case E-V13 was definitely not the major Neolithic European lineage it was once alleged to be. Searching for the roots of the first free African American community, Carriers of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup L3 basal lineages migrated back to Africa from Asia around 70,000 years ago, The peopling of the last Green Sahara revealed by high-coverage resequencing of trans-Saharan patrilineages. Scozzari R, Cruciani F, Santolamazza P et al. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 70: 265268. The Scottish Clan Colquhoun/Calhoun from Dunbartonshire belongs to the clade E-V13 > BY3880 > Y16729 > Y16721 > Y16733 according to the Calhoun Surname Project. Haplogroup E-M2, also known as E1b1a1-M2, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. This, we hypothesise, may shed light on routes taken during their expansion. The descendants of L791, Y2947 and Y4971, only appeared around 3500 BCE, during the Late Neolithic or Chalcolithic period. Peaks among the Saho Saho . Frequencies of over 75% have been reported among the Tuaregs of Burkina Faso and Mali. Evaluation of Y-chromosomal STRs: a multicenter study. The distribution of haplogroup E1b1a8a1* defined by U290 in the absence of U181 with a TMRCA of 14131725 YBP is similar to that of E1b1a8 and may be interpreted in the same way. By the time this paper was written ancient DNA data from the Levant and the Near East had surfaced. Personally, I can't remember any study who detected E1b1a in that region during the BA or among the Natufians. LeBrok. Although it is generally accepted that the EBSP has its origin in the so-called Bantu Homeland situated in the area of the border between Nigeria and the Grassfields of Cameroon, and that it followed both western and eastern routes, much less is known about the number and dates of those expansions, if more than one. E1B1A must be the standard for determining whether or not a male is a descendant of the Biblical Israelites. The eastern advance of the Corded Ware culture eventually gave rise to the Sintashta culture in the Ural region, which is the ancestral culture of the Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-Europeans. [33] In other words, as one moves to West Africa from western Central Africa, the less subclade E1b1a1f is found. [25] Pita was of Sub-Saharan African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-M4287 and L3e2b. This data suggests that the fate of E-V13 was linked to the elite dominance of Bronze Age society. Mol Ecol 2011; 20: 26932708. L576 forms a subclade immediately after the previously mentioned SNPs. E1b1a1 is defined by markers DYS271/M2/SY81, M291, P1/PN1, P189, P293, V43, and V95. The absence of E-V13 from Central Anatolia does not concord with a diffusion linked to Neolithic agriculture. Note the resemblance between the distribution of E-M81 and the African admixture from the Dodecad project. E1b1a (L86.1) This mutation indicates that the population crossed the A1b1 dominated Grassland into the regions West of the great Lakes. Ashkenazi Jews have approximately 20% of E1b1b, which falls mostly under specific clades of E-M123. Whether origins of M81 lie in the Carthaginian or Roman elite, its parent clades M310.1 and Z827 would have originated in the Levant, and not in Northwest Africa. If it is assumed that an earlier expansion had already taken place, this would be consistent with a subsequent, rapid expansion from West Africa southwards along both the western and eastern routes. Bellwood P : Early agriculturalist population diasporas? In whichever scenario, it is clear that M81 benefited from a potent founder effect in the Maghreb, a region that was first dominated by the Carthaginian elite, but quickly became one of the favourite regions of residence for the Roman elite within the empire (along with Spain, France and Greece). Oxford: Elsevier Ltd, 2006, pp 679685. Cereal farming may therefore trace its roots (literally) to the E1b1b tribes of the Mesolithic Levant. More research is needed. Where samples were ancestral for the four UEP markers, a further six to eleven UEPs (UEP1 and UEP2 kits: sY81, SRY4064, YAP, SRY10831, M13, M9, SRY465, M20, Tat, 92R7 and M17) were typed.38 NRY haplogroups were classified according to the nomenclature of the Y-Chromosome Consortium39 (Figure 1) and STR repeat sizes were assigned according to the nomenclature of Kayser et al.40 Additionally, the four E1b1a-specific UEPs were typed in 1820 samples, previously characterised as E1b1a in the TCGA database (published35, 36 and unpublished data), from the 35 non-Congo, sub-Saharan groups listed in Supplementary Table S1. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade brought people to North America, Central America and South America including the Caribbean. Anthropology, archaeology, linguistics and, in recent decades, genetics have been used to elucidate some of the events and processes involved. We note that the phenomenon of surfing can explain the absence of an allele in only some groups that are the consequence of range expansion.48, 49 However ,unless the allele (in this case NRY belonging to haplogroup E1b1a8a1a) became extinct early in the western route expansion (which is, in effect, the same as not having been part of that expansion), there is no reason to suppose that extinction of the haplogroup in western route groups (Guthrie classification H, B and C) was more likely than in eastern groups (Guthrie classification N and P). (2010) found U175 in tested Annang (45.3%), Ibibio (37%), Efik (33.3%), and Igbo (25.3%) but did not test for U209. [13][14], At Kindoki, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, there were three individuals, dated to the protohistoric period (230 BP, 150 BP, 230 BP); one carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1d1a2 (E-CTS99, E-CTS99) and L1c3a1b, another carried haplogroup E (E-M96, E-PF1620), and the last carried haplogroups R1b1 (R-P25 1, R-M415) and L0a1b1a1. E1b1a (also known as E-M2) forms part of the E-V38 haplogroup found on the human Y chromosome - making it a paternally inherited clade. The Moors also conquered Sicily. These locations mainly cover West, Central-West, East, South-East and South Africa. His haplotype, although not confirmed by SNP testing yet, is predicted as E-V13. E1b1a is also known as E-M2 and E1b1b is also know as E-M215 or as E-M35. Trombetta B, Cruciani F, Sellitto D, Scozzari R : A new topology of the human Y chromosome haplogroup E1b1 (E-P2) revealed through the use of newly characterized binary polymorphisms. [5] The downstream SNP E-M180 may have originated in the humid south-central Saharan savanna/grassland of North Africa between 14,000 BP and 10,000 BP. The Indo-European migrations would certainly have brought some E-V13 early on, from circa 2500 BCE. Mitochondrial, Y-chromosome and autosomal DNA analyses have been carried out in attempts to understand the demographic events that have taken place. We conclude that analysis of NRY in 43 widely distributed population groups from across sub-Saharan Africa provides evidence of multiple expansions from West Africa along the western and eastern routes and a late specifically eastern expansion at some time during the past two millennia during a period in which male-mediated gene flow from East-Central to West-Central Africa does not appear to have taken place, at least to any significant extent. (2012) recovered the DNA of Napoleon Bonaparte from beard hair follicules and compared his Y-DNA to that of one of his present-day descendants, Charles Napolon. To make things clearer; Tishkoff SA, Reed FA, Friedlaender FR et al. The box identifies the E1b1a clade, exclusively observed in population groups with recent African ancestry. A combination of UEPs and STRs in the paternally inherited NRY was typed in eight Congolese groups (n=591). Pereira L, Macaulay V, Torroni A, Scozzari R, Prata MJ, Amorim A : Prehistoric and historic traces in the mtDNA of Mozambique: insights into the Bantu expansions and the slave trade. E-M2 is found at low to moderate frequencies in North Africa, and Northeast Africa. For many years the vast majority of academics have assumed that E-V13 and other E1b1b lineages came to the Balkans from the southern Levant via Anatolia during the Neolithic, and that the high frequency of E-V13 was caused by a founder effect among the colonisers. In Europe, M81 is most common in Portugal (8%), Spain (4%), as well as in France (0-6%) and Italy (0-4%), where strong regional variations are observed. The haplogroup E1b1a8, defined by U175, has a TMRCA of only 18632163 YBP but a geographic distribution, excepting the Anuak of Ethiopia, which is equally extensive as that of E1b1a7. The J haplogroup is of Semitic origin and is overwhelmingly present in The Middle East. So we know for sure that E1b1b was present in southern Europe at least since the Early Neolithic. Hammer MF : A recent common ancestry for human Y chromosomes. As a Germanic tribe they might have carried a small percentage of E-V13. (2007), such population movements changed the pre-existing population Y chromosomal diversity in Central, Southern, and Southeastern Africa, replacing the previous haplogroup frequencies in these areas with the now dominant E1b1a1 lineages. [26] West Africans (e.g., Yoruba and Esan of Nigeria), bearing the Benin sickle cell haplotype, may have migrated through the northeastern region of Africa into the western region of Arabia. These are the mutations, "M", or mutation 2 = M2. More specifically, E-M2 is the predominant subclade in West Africa, Central Africa, Southern Africa, and the region of the African Great Lakes; it also occurs at moderate frequencies in North Africa and Middle East. Within Africa, E-M2 displays a west-to-east as well as a south-to-north clinal distribution. The Greeks remained in control of the Middle East until the Roman conquest, then regained influence over the region during the Byzantine period. Ann Hum Genet 2002; 66: 369378. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995. Research Department of Genetics, The Centre for Genetic Anthropology, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK, Naser Ansari Pour,Christopher A Plaster&Neil Bradman, You can also search for this author in Haplogroup E1b1a7 (defined by M191) is modal in most groups in countries from Ghana to Mozambique and only at slightly lower frequency in South African Bantu speakers (33.8% compared with E1b1a8* at 37.8%). Newman JL : The Peopling of Africa: A Geographic Interpretation. Variation of female and male lineages in sub-Saharan populations: the importance of sociocultural factors. The PF6759 subclade seems to have reached Sardinia during the Neolithic period. The TMRCA at 47005300 YBP is entirely consistent with the haplogroup being present in West Africa at the dawn of the EBSP. Where collections from a particular group were made in more than one location, locations are represented by averages of geographic coordinates. E1b1a1a1g (YCC E1b1a8) is defined by marker U175. This page is not available in other languages. [25] Lima was of West African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-M4671 and L3b3. However, since G2a is the only lineage that was consistently found in all Neolithic sites tested to date in Europe, the absence of Neolithic G2a lineages from Scandinavia and the Baltic implies that no Neolithic lineage survives there, and consequently E-V13 does not date from the Neolithic in the region. The advantage of this hypothesis is that M81 is indeed found exclusively within the borders of the Roman Empire, and in a big part of the empire. Examples of founder effects include E-V12 in southern Egypt, E-V13 in the Balkans, E-V32 in Somalia, E-V65 on the Mediterranean coast of Africa, and E-M81 in Northwest Africa. Furthermore, all the modern members of E-V13 descend from a common ancestor who lived approximately 5,500 years ago, and all of them also descend from a later common ancestor who carried the CTS5856 mutation. Table 2 contains the six-STR haplotype gene diversities for E1b1a component haplogroups present in all three West, West-Central and East-Central regions. E1b1a and E1b1b-V22 tend to have lower values for this STR compared to other E1b1b haplogroups, but still the reported value is very rare in any of these haplogroups, and it looks like another suspicious STR value. Ye S, Dhillon S, Ke X, Collins AR, Day IN : An efficient procedure for genotyping single nucleotide polymorphisms. After that the expansion is thought to have taken two directions with one wave moving along the south-western coast (West-Bantu route) and the other moving further east, forming the eastern Bantu core by 3000 years before present (YBP). All modern carriers of this lineage descend from a common ancestor who lived only 1,200 years ago, and all are Ashkenazi Jews. The French footballer of Algerian origin Zinedine Zidane (born 1972), is a member of haplogroup E1b1b (M81) according to his brother's DNA test. The M81 clade is defined by 150 other mutations beside M81 itself. Indeed the distribution pattern and frequency of M81 matches much better the Phoenician maritime empire, with its origins in the Levant, and its dispersal along the cost of North Africa, but also Iberia, Sardinia and Sicily. Montano V, Ferri G, Marcari V et al. Z830, M310.1's . Future studies that examine variation in the NRY E1b1a clade in Bantu-speaking population groups representing the East African coast will help to further elucidate the late eastern EBSP. The Fishers exact test was also performed in the R environment. The discovery of two SNPs (V38 and V100) by Trombetta et al. What is even more surprising is that these subclades do not show any consistent geographic pattern. [12] One Carioca from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil tested positive for the M58 SNP. Proto-Italics would have been a predominantly R1b-U152 tribe, but also carried a minority of E-V13, G2a-L140 (L13, L1264 and Z1816 subclades) and J2a1-L70 (PF5456 and Z2177 subclades). Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF : New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree. Gurdeep Matharu Lall, Maarten H. D. Larmuseau, Mark A. Jobling, Sandra Oliveira, Alexander Hbner, Jorge Rocha, Daniel E. Platt, Hovig Artinian, Pierre Zalloua, Mugdha Singh, Anujit Sarkar & Madhusudan R. Nandineni, Hovhannes Sahakyan, Ashot Margaryan, Richard Villems, Enrico Macholdt, Leonardo Arias, Mark Stoneking, Kenneth K. Kidd, Baigalmaa Evsanaa, Andrew J. Pakstis, Veronika Csky, Dniel Gerber, Anna Szcsnyi-Nagy, European Journal of Human Genetics TMRCA for E1b1a as a whole was estimated at 61756588 YBP with the TMRCA for the youngest haplogroup (E1b1a8a1a) estimated at 11001638 YBP. Migrations within the Roman Empire probably played a role, although a minor one, in the redistribution of E1b1b in Europe. Diamond J, Bellwood P : Farmers and their languages: the first expansions. E1b1a1a1a is defined by marker M58. Excoffier L, Pellegrini A, Langaney A : Genetics and history of sub-Saharan Africa. As both NRY and mtDNA genetic systems have smaller effective population sizes than autosomal markers, they are more prone to genetic drift14, 15, 16 and are therefore more likely to differ among groups than are autosomal markers. Besides, E1b1b was not found in Neolithic Iran or Anatolia, and only showed up twice among the hundreds of Neolithic European samples that have been tested. Supplementary Information accompanies the paper on European Journal of Human Genetics website, Ansari Pour, N., Plaster, C. & Bradman, N. Evidence from Y-chromosome analysis for a late exclusively eastern expansion of the Bantu-speaking people. Distribution of haplogroup E-M81 in Europe, the Middle East & North Africa. The material culture of the Late Chalcolithic period in the southern Levant (4500-3900/3800 BCE) is qualitatively distinct from previous and subsequent periods. The making of the African mtDNA landscape. Of the possible 17 haplogroups, 12 were observed in the complete data set with haplogroup E1b1a modal (0.847, range in population groups 0.3890.957), both overall and in every sub-Saharan African group. If you are new to genetic genealogy, please check our Introduction to phylogenetics to understand how to read a phylogenetic tree. Annu Rev Anthropol 2001; 30: 181207. Although sampling in most NRY studies of sub-Saharan Africa has, in the past, been quite limited in terms of geographic coverage and sample sizes, the distribution of this haplogroup is relatively well described in groups living along both the postulated western and eastern routes of the EBSP, as well as in Senegal29 and Cameroon27, 30 in West Africa. [25] Zimbu was of western Central African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS5497 and L3e1e. The low percentage of E-V13 is coastal Sardinia would be better explained by more recent settlements on the island by the Romans, or even the Goths, who also settled in Sardinia. It is not clear at present whether they expanded beyond the Near East during the Neolithic period, but they might have been part of the Neolithic expansion to North Africa and Iberia alongside haplogroups T1a and/or R1b-V88. Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations. It would be easy to assume that E-M81 colonised Northwest Africa during the Mesolithic or Neolithic period, then spread to southern and western Europe with the southern wave of Neolithic farmers that crossed over from Morocco to Iberia, then spread around western Europe with the Megalithic people. Nurse D : Bantu languages; in Brown K, (ed): Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. to suggest that E-M2 may have originated in East Africa. E-M2 is a diverse haplogroup with many branches. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Wood ET, Stover DA, Ehret C et al. Because the Bantu languages on the eastern route are more homogeneous than those on the western route,11 it is reasonable to speculate that later expansions occurred mainly on the eastern route.
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