red algae E. Akinetes are reproductive structures whereas endospores are dormant, resistant structures. Haptophyta Coccolithophores The name Stramenopiles (replacing the previous Chrysophyta, Heteokonts and Chromista) means straw-haired. photosynthesizers. micronuclei and then divide into two with each new cell receiving an The early Earth reducing atmosphere is thought to have lacked which of the following gases? E. the presence of a feeding groove, Slime molds are in the supergroup Some stramenopiles are significant as autotrophs and as heterotrophs in natural ecosystems. What do stramenopiles do? calcium carbonate crystals Haptophyta, The plastids of red algae originated via: D. differential land movement. What are the three primary characteristics of organisms in the phylum Dinoflagellata? mosquitoes, that constitutes a serious health problem for humans. One of the key clade features is the presence of two subapical or lateral flagella, usually of different lengths. At the same time, a protistological perspective was replacing the 19th century one based on the division of unicellular eukaryotes into animals and plants. mature cells C. pili D. Yes, because it would have fossilized before it was buried. The macronucleus divides into two with each new cell receiving an The taxon 'Heterokontae' was introduced in 1899 by Alexander Luther for algae that are now considered the Xanthophyceae. We have analyzed the distribution and. B. red-orange Incorrect -It provided the ability to carry out glycolysis. C. Chlamydomonas reinhardtil is single celled, Gonium pectorale is composed of identical cells, and Pleodorina californica and Volvox are composed of two different cell types. B. continental drift. When would a mixotroph that can function as a photoautotroph resort to being a heterotroph? A. protective coverings that are hard, This means: Rhizaria C. Amoebozoa D. Stramenopila E. Alveolata. The stramenopiles and the alveolates together are now widely regarded as comprising the chromalveolates. C. It has important implications for inferring phylogeny. layered rocklike structures formed by cyanobacteria. quaternary endosymbiosis It helped provide a date for the emergence of vertebrates. E. A host cell without plastids ingests a prokaryotic cell. D. quorum sensing of protist cells to a substrate E. the capture of food particles mitotically, producing diploid macronuclei and micronuclei. When a ciliate reproduces asexually by mitosis All other systems show no abnormality. sporophyte A. D. (1) in each conjugating pair of Some lineages (such as the axodine lineage that included the chromophytic pedinellids, colourless ciliophryids, and colourless actinophryid heliozoa) have secondarily reverted to heterotrophy. Some of the multicellular brown algae may be massive, forming marine kelp forests. [20] They are usually supported by four microtubule roots in a distinctive pattern. The majority of these organisms are marine. A. protecting the flagellum B. filtering bacterial food -to support the life of the decomposers (Please note that some textbooks are slightly out of date, and still refer to the Stramenopiles and Alveolates as supergroup Chromalveolata)[1]. E. attaching to the substrate, Stramenopiles are unique in that they possess: - Volvox aureus E. Sulfuric acid, aerobic, and anaerobic respiration. E. producer, The proteobacterium Rhizobium lives in a close association with legume roots, providing a source of nitrogen for the plant. Your email address will not be published. pseudopodia B. possession of hard shells C. tertiary The unifying feature of this group is the presence of a textured, or "hairy," flagellum. Are stramenopiles autotrophic or heterotrophic? There are about 4,000 described species. E. They attach to host cells by small hooks. (2012) is:[38], They are not called chloroplasts, the most common form of photosynthetic plastid. ciliates, Distinctive strawlike hairs occurring on the surface of flagella are characteristic of: E. It has a flagellum. The D. It has macronuclei and micronuclei. young cells The stramenopiles and haptophytes split 1,047 MYA (fig. sporozoite B. gametocyte C. merozoite D. Stramenopiles (also called heterokonts) are an extremely diverse group of parasites, heterotrophs, and algae that are found in similarly diverse habitats. A few months later, it is buried by sediment in a massive landslide, but by this time, bacteria have fully decomposed its soft tissues. D. tetanus -locomotion via pseudopodia, What two types of organisms are responsible for decomposition? While some lack cell walls, others have scales. What is the likely reaction of such a Pseudomonas cell to the presence of a food particle? Decomposers return CO2 to the atmosphere via aerobic respiration. D. panmixis identical macronucleus. If used narrowly, a chloroplast is a plastid which contains chlorophyll B, as in. Diatoms are abundant and ecologically important as a major form of phytoplankton. E. neophytes, Under what environmental conditions would it be MOST advantageous for the photoautotrophic dinoflagellate Peridinium limbatum to reproduce asexually? There are roughly 100,000 species of different stramenopiles, most of which are various types of algae. Some algae are more closely related to plants than they are to other algae. bacterium, Flagella can be used to: A.propel the organism through A. thylakoids - Pleodorina californica -The organisms that feed on decomposers would not have a food source. E. flashing lights. C. fatty acid chains diatoms) or colonial forms to large multicellular forms, such as the brown algae. B. to insure survival in the uterus. The anterior flagellum (AF) exten Flagella are conserved organelles among eukaryotes and they are composed of many proteins, which are necessary for flagellar assembly, maintenance and function. petroleum deposits. micronuclei with each new cell receiving two micronuclei each. Dinoflagellates have an armor-like plating over the cell membrane and perpendicular flagella, or long thin tails used for swimming, that give the cell a spiraling, spinning motion. C. Nitrosolobus multiformis; A unicellular rod-shaped nitrifying bacterium that inhabits subsurface soils at depths associated with plant roots. A. the fusion of two archean cells to form an early eukaryote. from the water C. directing currents away from the E. parasitism, Some microbes secrete small molecules that induce other microbes to settle nearby. The basal part of the hair is flexible and inserts into the cell membrane; the second part is dominated by a long stiff tube (the 'straw' or 'stramen'); and finally the tube is tipped by many delicate hairs called mastigonemes. cyanobacteria produce two, (4) of which one stays in the parent cell and the other A. Opisthokonta stored in the tissues. Nearly all stramenopiles are either flagellates or produce flagellated cells at some point in their lifecycles. symbiosis D. causing cancer E. conjugation, A. B. The siliceous skeletons of radiolarians are easily fossilized, and consequently the fossil history of this group is well known. each cell forms a new haploid macronucleus and the other divides E. mass-settling, The photosynthetic activity of cyanobacteria takes place in their: Some of the bacterivorous stramenopiles, such as Cafeteria are common and widespread consumers of bacteria, and thus play a major role in recycling carbon and nutrients within microbial food webs. C. are not all more closely related to each other than they are to some other organisms disintegrates, (5) the cells separate, each with two nuclei, one of This collection of pigments typically gives these algae a brown, golden, or yellow-green color. A smaller species living inside another species is known as: A feeding groove is characteristic of what supergroup of protists? E. They are archaea. It uses toxins to Which of the following are NOT capabilities of any known bacterium? B. B. aerobic, photosynthetic, prokaryotic. C. binary fission Although bacteria are unicellular, as are most protists, they are very different organisms. These hairs usually occur on the flagella. kinetoplastid Why or why not? mitotically, producing diploid macronuclei and micronuclei. The unifying feature of this group is the presence of a textured, or hairy, flagellum. -They are neither heterotrophic nor autotrophic, they are decomposers. cell while the macronucleus in each cell disintegrates, (5) the cells 1. one strain was toxic and the other was not Rhizaria D. the ability to use photosynthesis and osmosis or particle ingestion for nutrition, Which of the following terms DOES NOT describe a basic type of protistan nutrition? Cyanobacteria, or blue-green algae, are considered the most ancient organisms capable of photosynthesis. Bacteria do not belong to kingdom Protista. C. cell division by simple splitting A. Opisthokonta B. red algae C. kelp D. cyanobacteria E. tertiary endosymbiosis carnivores D. Nostoc verrucosum; A filamentous species often found in shallow streams and creeks that is capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen using specialized cells known as heterocytes. choanoflagellates allows scientists to cause mutations in the DNA thereby killing the Which of the following is NOT true of horizontal gene transfer? conjugant, (6) the two haploid micronuclei in each cell fuse to form a C. respond to light with the aid of flotation devices State clearly the mole ratio used for the conversion. These similarities to true fungi are now considered to be homoplasies. SARis a large and diverse group of phyla that includes three major lineages, theStramenopiles,Alveolates andRhizarians. Which situation would be most likely to form a fossil under normal environmental conditions? Plastids originated from which of the following groups of prokaryotes? red algae. Many are decomposers, but a large number of species are plant parasites. A. yellow B. red-orange C. blue-green D. Chrysophytes(golden algae and yellow-green algae): The golden algae and yellow-green algae are often placed in separate classes. They possess chlorophylls a and c, carotenoids, and xanthophylls, including fucoxanthin (which is a signature molecule for many members of this group). The range of variation within these organisms is stunning. In this relationship, Rhizobium is an example of a(n): euglenoids Cavalier-Smith 1993, Bolidophyceae Guillou & Chretiennot-Dinet 1999, Phaeophyceae (brown seaweeds) Hansgirg 1886. The evolution of organisms that use oxygen in their respiration was possible only because of the action of a group of bacteria that produced oxygen and changed the Earth's atmosphere from an anoxic one to one rich in oxygen. The mushrooms illustrated at the end of the video exhibit what kind of life style? B. filtering bacterial food from the water Most are unicellular and have a zygotic cycle. They have a thicker peptidoglycan layer than do Gram-negative bacteria. These glassy cell walls are composed of silicon dioxide. Inspection of the microorganism with a compound microscope reveals that it uses pseudopodia for movement and is not enclosed within a mineral shell. The familiar west coastMacrocystis pyriferamay grow over 45 meters long (about 150 feet) and be a major component of kelp forests. mitotically and one of the daughter nuclei passes to an individual of C. changes in atmospheric composition. dinoflagellates with plastids, Stramenopiles are unique in that they possess: A. double A host cell manufactures its own symbiont and fungi and bacteria, When an organism is decomposed, where do the released nutrients go? micronuclei disintegrates, (2) then the surviving one undergoes The dinoflagellate Pfisteria is an important protist. One notable change was due to the emergence of photosynthetic organisms. Bacillariophyta(diatoms):This is a large and ubiquitous group of photoautotrophic stramenopiles that is found in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial ecosystems. C. autotrophs living around deep sea vents. B. Akinetes are not capable of locomotion whereas endospores move freely. He also included the not-closely-related haptophytes. C. It provided evidence that the earliest life forms were autotrophic. skin thereby increasing exposure to the pathogen. David. The unifying feature of this group is the presence of a textured, or "hairy," flagellum. D. decomposer Nothing else can eat them. They formed Chlorarachniophyte plastids are bounded by four layers of membrane and have nucleomorphs which are thought to be the remnants of the algal nucleus. Each half of a diatom cell wall is called afrustule, with one frustule slightly smaller than the other and the two fitting together and joined by a protein band. B. Eukaryotic flagella have the motor protein dynein whereas the prokaryotic one does not. D. that all protists are not in the same phylum tsetse flies C. sand fleas D. ticks E. drinking D. Giardia lamblia Which of the following are not used by protists for protection That group of bacteria was: A. phagotrophic A parasite is also a(n): D. alveoli beneath the plasma membrane Supergroup Archaeplastida I red algae, green algae, charophytes, seedless plants, Supergroup Archaeplastida II seed plants, Supergroup Opisthokonta Basal Animals and Deuterostomes. C. There is approximately one coliform bacterial species per milliliter. disintegrates, (5) the cells separate, each with two nuclei, one of against predators? arise from sexual reproduction. stramenopila Their negative effects would be reduced because they will no longer be able to produce the acid that damages teeth. B. kingdoms slime molds The stipes of some kelps have a central zone of elongated conducting cells. A. Mrs. Helen Schreiber, a 45-year-old high school principal, presents with a 6-month history of dry mouth, bleeding gums, and difficulty in chewing and swallowing food. Cercozoa also includesPaulinella chromatophora,a unicellular photoautotroph whose plastid represents a possible instance of primary endosymbiosis. A. amoebae They turn purple when subjected to the Gram-staining process whereas Gram-negative bacteria stain pink. These often form a pellicle, which is used in various species for motility, defense, or host cell invasion. -Decomposers are all prokaryotes. water B. collect food C. propel reproductive cells through B. a common thick-shelled crustacean. The protists are a diverse group of eukaryotes that cannot be classified as animals, plants, or fungi. B. Directional movement toward the food particle using a gliding motion Zoospores are single flagellated cells that disperse otherwise E. Conquest of land by arthropods and vertebrates and an increase in animal body sizes. double plastids E. none of the other options presented, The surface of the cells of some Pseudomonas species are covered in numerous threadlike structures. C. They avoid disintegration in water with low concentrations of salt. moves to the opposite cell while the macronucleus in each cell [30][31], Stramenopiles are most closely related to Alveolates and Rhizaria - all with tubular mitochondrial cristae and collectively forming the SAR supergroup, whose name is formed from their initials. The brown algae, including familiar seaweeds like wrack and kelp, are major autotrophs of the intertidal and subtidal marine habitats. The process by which the major land masses have shifted their positions, changed shapes and separated from each other, is known as. A. Haploid cells form gametes that fuse to produce thick-walled diploid zygotes capable of surviving stressful conditions. Despite its appearance, kelp is not a plant since it is not made of more than one clearly differentiated tissue; it is a heterokont. D. moderate temperature D. Decreasing light availability caused by an increase in suspended particles, Plasmodium falciparum is a protistan parasite, borne by mosquitoes, that constitutes a serious health problem for humans. Gametes are biflagellate. E. anaerobic, chemotrophic, eukaryotic. Members of this subgroup range in size from single-celled diatoms to the massive and multicellular kelp. There are approximately 200 coliform bacterial cells per milliliter. Her eyes show no ulceration or conjunctivitis. E. 33, Binary fission is: B. toxins Those plastids are coloured off-green, orange, golden or brown because of the presence of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c, and fucoxanthin. E. are all more closely related to fungi than they are to any other organisms, The collars on the cells of choanoflagellates have the function of: choanoflagellates (1) B. the earliest known arthropods. The first living cells were most likely They are named for their cilia, which function to move the organism through the water, and/or to direct food into anoral groove. undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid micronuclei, of which three The stramenopiles include the golden algae ( Chrysophyta ), the brown algae ( Phaeophyta ), and the diatoms ( Bacillariophyta ). conjugation A. layered rocklike structures formed by cyanobacteria. E. cyclic land drift. It allows scientists to prevent meiosis and the It increases genetic diversity for a species. An interest rate of nominal 12% per year, compounded weekly, is: (a) An effective rate per year (b) An effective rate per week (c) A nominal rate per year (d) A nominal rate per week. D. promotes the dispersal of individuals more effectively E. The photosynthetic species possess plastids of secondary or higher red algal origin. B. sporozoites E. They protect against viruses. E. magnetosomes, Which of the following statements is NOT true of Gram-positive bacteria? C. The macronucleus doesn't divide but it goes to one new cell and the micronuclei go to the other. nonmotile protists. flagellum D. storing waste materials of the cell E. D. Prokaryotic flagella have a basal apparatus and hook that rotates the filament whereas eukaryotic flagella do not. They both absorb nutrients from their environment. B. Most species are planktonic, but some exist in symbiotic relationships. closely related to each other than they are to any other kind of [34], The tree is based on Ruggiero et al. Photosynthetic members of this supergroup are commonly referred to as algae and the unicellular heterotrophs as protozoans. B. it allows scientists to prevent meiosis and the duplication of genes necessary for the survival of the pathogen C. heterotroph -Food webs would be unchanged. B. gametocyte liver E. spleen, The sexual phase of Plasmodium is called a: A. These pigments absorb the E. SO. They contain symbiotic algae. Stramenopiles A subgroup of chromalveolates, the stramenopiles, also referred to as heterokonts, includes photosynthetic marine algae and heterotrophic protists. These plastids were obtained by secondary, tertiary, or possibly even quaternary endosymbiosis. Her salivary glands are not swollen. Diatoms reproduce by: A. binary fission B. a sporic life 2Mg(s)+O2(g)2MgO(s)2\text{Mg}(s) + \text{O}_2(g) \rightarrow 2\text{MgO}(s)2Mg(s)+O2(g)2MgO(s). Ochrophyta is an algal group belonging to the Stramenopiles and comprises diverse lineages of algae which contribute significantly to the oceanic ecosystems as primary producers. Given what you know about cyanobacteria, which of the following is the more similar species? A. D. It is a major Members of this subgroup range in size from single-celled diatoms to the massive and multicellular kelp. For this reason, planktonic forams are considered to be phytoplankton. C. They break down wastes. Cells are stained purple. B. Which of the following statements about decomposers is TRUE? In sexual reproduction in ciliates the sequence of events is: A. Apicomplexans: There are about 4,000 known species of apicomplexans, which are unicellular parasites. Which of the following statements best describes secondary endosymbiosis? A host cell manufactures its own symbiont and later acquires another one by phagocytosis. Stramenopila parasites Phaeothamniophyceae Andersen & Bailey 1998 s.l. A 'hairy' flagellum is often paired with a shorter, smooth flagellum. C. the use of bacteria to attack cancer cells A. the choanoflagellates These pigments mitochondria C. nuclei D. both chloroplasts and ingests another cell already containing a primary symbiont. warming. Diatomaceous earth is commonly used as an abrasive in polishes (toothpaste and silver polish) and filtration (swimming pool filters). -are not all more closely related to each other than they are to some other organisms, are not all more closely related to each other than they are to some other organisms. Opisthokonta B. Rhizaria C. Amoebozoa D. Located on second flagellum, used for feeding/nutrient collection. B. Bacteria and Eukarya diverged from a common ancestor more recently than they diverged from their common ancestor with Archaea. D. gametocytes B. the capture of moonlight for nocturnal photosynthesis A.; Issi, I. V.; Michaelevich, B. I.; Podlipaev, S. A.; Reshetnyak, V. V.; Seravin, L. N.; et al. Members of the Nostoc genus have large numbers of thylakoid membranes, and many have gas vesicles. From what you have learned about them, which among the following conditions or substances do ALL archaeans require for survival and reproduction? C. It lies dormant on the Alveolate. They are geologically useful as index fossils, with about 50,000 named species (about 10,000 species still extant). However, the stricter use of the term Plantae is one that which includes only the land plants and green algae. They maintain cell shape. An elephant that died at the edge of a waterhole. Stramenopiles, also known as heterokonts, are a very large and diverse phylum ( Derelle et al., 2016 ). its own and one from its conjugant, (6) the two haploid micronuclei in Your email address will not be published. C. 17 -A host cell ingests two or more symbionts simultaneously. Explore the definition of stramenopiles, diatoms, brown algae, and golden algae. This is the organism that decimated potato crops in Ireland in the late 1840s causing the great potato famine in which over a million died of starvation and another million emigrated. B. botulism A. bioremediation Most (about 90%) of the known species of radiolarians are extinct. D. Oxygen (O) B. micronucleosis pathogen. It causes nervous disorders in humans. E. none of the choices provided. E. the use of bacteria in the production of biofuels, Which of the following is NOT a way that bacteria benefit humans? Animals and fungi are more closely related to each other than either T or F, Sushi wrappers called nori are a type of red algae. Alveolata A. the production and emission of light by organisms 2015 & Silar 2016. Fritsch 1935, The classification of the Stramenopiles according to Adl et al. the remaining micronucleus undergoes mitosis to produce two, (4) of their toxic properties. The results of blood studies for SSA and SSB antibodies and for rheumatoid factor titers are pending, as are xxx-rays of her hands. Protists are NOT monophyletic. A. C. directing currents away from the flagellum (1) in each conjugating pair of cells all but one of the four -alveoli beneath the plasma membrane The secretory systems of Type III and Type IV pathogenic bacteria differ in their mode of attacking cells in what way? D. a symbiotic relationship between an archaeon and a bacterium. group of multicellular (mostly) marine algae including many familiar seaweeds.Smaller brown algae are filamentous, while large brown algae (especially the kelps) may be massive. attack fish which it then consumes. Plants share a most recent common ancestor with what group of protists? Their negative effects would be reduced because they will no longer be able to produce mucilage and stick to teeth. decomposers E. All of the other choices They have cellulosic cell walls that often contain the polysaccharide alginic acid (algin). quality of light prevalent in their various preferred habitats and - alveolates micronuclei go to the other. -the movement of small organic molecules across the cell membrane, the capture and ingestion of food particles by a cell. Dr. Lee makes a provisional diagnosis of Sjgren syndrome. C. A Anopheles mosquito. Metaboly is a reduced level of metabolism that allows protists to However, early evolution of the plastid organelle in Ochrophyta is not fully understood. C. brown algae E. actinobacteria. A. Cyanobacteria E. Type III systems use modified pili as transfer tubes whereas Type IV systems use flagella modified as "syringes" to inject materials into cells they are infecting. -They are autotrophs, but they are not parasite. A bacterial cell undergoes binary fission. mixotrophs E. Akinetes are reproductive structures whereas endospores are dormant, resistant structures. produce a diploid nucleus. the gametocyte undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid micronuclei, of which three C. CO Rhizaria Which of the following would NOT be a consequence of the loss of all decomposers? D. 32 C. Amoebozoa [21], Many stramenopiles have plastids which enable them to photosynthesise, using light to make their own food. of the following statements DOES NOT describe its attributes? E. They have a gram molecular weight of more than 1.0 whereas Gram-negative bacteria have a gram molecular weight of less than 1.0. E. Stramenopila. All form biflagellate motile cells at some point during their life cycles. What statement is also most likely true about Nostoc? C. predator [19], Most stramenopiles have two flagella near the apex. The origin of the mitochondrion and chloroplast is hypothesized to have involved Water molds are common in fresh water and moist soil ecosystems. C. It allows developing drugs that make antibodies against the smaller E. because the gametes experience difficulty in exiting Evidence indicates that they were acquired by secondary endosymbiosis from a unicellular red alga. They may arise from asexual reproduction. E. The filament of eukaryotes is multilayered whereas that of prokaryotes is a single strand. cysts, In the Plasmodium life cycle, which stage is produced in the mosquito host and injected into humans during mosquito feeding? adapted to absorb more of the light of which of the following colors? E. It would have no effect because they will still be able to form a biofilm and secrete the acid that damages teeth. C. to prevent desiccation. C. the absorption of light by pigments for transfer to chlorophyll a A. nitrogen fixer B. Halobacterium salinarum; A unicellular obligate aerobe that often inhabits hypersaline lakes.
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