Research on the UnitedStates and Canada show that white people living in diverse neighbourhoods are more trusting when they regularly talk to their neighbours (Stolle, Soroka and Johnston, 2008[43]). [7] Bratti,M. and C.Conti (2014), The effect of (mostly unskilled) immigration on the innovation of Italian regions, IZA Discussion Paper No. Report prepared for: Joint Commonwealth, State and Territory Research Advisory Committee (RAC) March 2013. [21] Bell,S. etal. [37] Letki,N. (2008), Does Diversity Erode Social Cohesion? Age diversity is not found to have a significant impact. Research on how population diversity affects macro-economic outcomes has largely focused on the impact of immigrant diversity and mostly find a positive impact for high-income countries. 56/1, pp. Demonstrating that as a nation we have made important gains in making Australia more inclusive and respectful. Note: (+) = impact is positive and statistically significant; (-) = impact is negative and statistically significant; (/) = impact is statistically insignificant. [28] Docquier,F. etal. For the same reporting year we received 500 complaints under the Racial Discrimination Act, equating to nearly a quarter of all complaints received by the Commission. In addition to the narrow definition the Commission has expressed its concern about the breadth of the exemption in subsection (4) of the exposure draft. (2018), Trust and its determinants: Evidence from the Trustlab experiment. [45] Murtin,F. etal. The majority of country-specific studies focuses on the UnitedStates. This suggests that there may be an optimal level of migrant diversity when it comes to innovation (Dohse and Gold, 2014[6]). Around 50% of respondents were from Canada, whereas the number of respondents was around 400 for Australia and between 100 and 150 for European OECD countries. The literature shows that a number of factors have a strong mediating impact; social exclusion and disadvantage, inequality, inter-group contact and social interactions as well as the role of governance and institutions are important explanatory factors. [23] Horwitz,S. and I.Horwitz (2007), The Effects of Team Diversity on Team Outcomes: A Meta-Analytic Review of Team Demography, Journal of Management, Vol. (2015), Does Gender Matter? This video reminds us that there are practical things all of us can do to counter prejudice and discrimination. The most significant piece of work in Australia on social cohesion is conducted by the Scanlon Foundation. While interest in Australia grew in the 1990s amid concerns prompted by the impact of globalisation, economic change and fears fuelled by the war on terror[1], the concept has been examined by socialist dating all the way back to 19th century with mile Durkheim and Gustave Le Bon. [4] Hunt,J. and M.Gauthier-Loiselle (2010), How much does immigration boost innovation?. Prosperity in diversity. On the contrary, Adams and Ferreira (2009[16]) found that female directors had a significant effect on board inputs and firm outcomes in a sample of US firms. In essence, the definition of social impact means any significant or positive changes that solve or at least address social injustice and challenges. Parts of this chapter are based on a background report on the economic impact of diversity, provided by Ceren Ozgen (Marie Sklodowska-Curie Fellow at the Department of Economics and the Institute for Research into Superdiversity (IRiS) at the University of Birmingham). However, there is some evidence that demonstrates the importance of situational settings by examining under what specific conditions diversity dynamics may unfold and how. The literature shows that a number of factors have a strong mediating impact; social exclusion and disadvantage, inequality, inter-group contact and social interactions as well as the role of governance and institutions are important explanatory factors. Most definitions involve notions of solidarity, willingness to participate and togetherness. Carter etal. [3] Chellaraj,G., K.Maskus and A.Mattoo (2008), The contribution of international graduate students to US innovation. While it is disheartening to see the extent to which racism exists in our society, the positive outcome out of these recent events has been the extent to which society has stood up and confirmed that there is no place in sport, public transport or any other aspect of our society, for racism. They find that diversity in education and nationality have a positive impact on product innovation for a firm. Importantly, the initial negative effect, whereby diversity was associated with reduced trust, was fully cancelled out by the positive effect of mixing with members of different groups. University of Birmingham provides funding as a founding partner of The Conversation UK. 46, pp. Although discrimination varied within sub-groups; Malaysian-born respondents reported the highest level of race discrimination (45%), followed by respondents who were born in India and Sri Lanka (42%), Singapore (41%), Indonesia (39%), and China and Hong Kong (39%). [32] Ottaviano,G. and G.Peri (2006), The economic value of cultural diversity: evidence from US cities. Furthermore, there is mounting evidence that social interactions between groups has a positive impact on social cohesion, and particularly, trust. 53, pp. However the term of the Australian Multicultural Council came to an end on 30 June 2014, and the Government has not articulated what the future of the Australian Multicultural Council will be. Term Definition; Diversity "The condition of having or being composed of differing elements" [4] Social Diversity "A successful community in which individuals of different race, ethnicity, religious beliefs, socioeconomic status, language, geographical origin, gender and/or sexual orientation bring their different knowledge, background, experience and interest for the benefit of their . (2018), Birthplace Diversity and Economic Growth: Evidence from the Us States in the Post-World War II Period, IZA Discussion Paper Series, No. In comparison with the previous reporting year, in 2012-13 we saw: Most complaints under the Racial Discrimination Act are about employment. An Uphill Battle, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264281318-en (accessed on 5October2017). In addition, findings suggest that these economic differences actually lead to lower public goods provision, particularly in countries with weaker democratic structures (Baldwin and Huber, 2010[40]). 84% of respondents agreed that multiculturalism has been good for Australia, while 75% agreed that it benefits the economic development of Australia. [49] Baert,S., B.Cockx and N.Gheyle (2015), Is There Less Discrimination in Occupations Where Recruitment Is Difficult?, ILR Review, Vol. We provide education about human rights to improve awareness, understanding and respect for rights in our community and Ill discuss this with you in the context of racial discrimination a little later. . During the election campaign, the Coalition promised to repeal or wind back Section 18C of the Racial Discrimination Act, to prevent any repetition of the Bolt case. Another study confirms a positive impact of foreign-born college graduates, post-college degree holders, and scientists and engineers in the UnitedStates. Female directors appear to have better attendance records than male directors and the attendance of male directors improves following the entry of female members in the board of directors. Research by McGuirk and Jordan (2012[10]) is a notable exception, exploring the link between innovation and diversity of educational background, migrant diversity and age diversity in Ireland. 987-1015. Today, Australia's population of about 23 million is one of the most interesting and diverse populations in the world. Moreover, much of the literature rests on the assumption that more diverse boards can make better decisions because women and minorities differ in their knowledge, experiences or management styles and therefore can bring new insights and perspectives. 2018/02, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/869ef2ec-en. There is some evidence suggesting that a positive impact of more gender equal boards is stronger in countries where gender equality is generally higher (Post and Byron, 2015[13]). [17] Carter,D. etal. [14] Pletzer,J. etal. The Effect of Employee Diversity on Innovation. 311-327. I caution the Government to consult widely and extensively before making any changes, as any amendments to the legislation have the capacity to affect the human rights of all Australians. We are all aware of the incidents involving Australian of the Year, Adam Goodes. [2] One third (34.8 per cent) of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people live in major cities [3]; 43.8 per cent live in regional areas; 7.7 per cent live in remote areas; and 13.7 . Social Integration. Much has been written about this topic, but one major question remains unanswered: are human beings able to adapt to this unprecedented change in social diversity? Measurement of team performance includes multiple indicators, such as efficiency, creativity, innovation and productivity. Iftar is one of the religious observances of Ramadan and is often done as a community, with people gathering to break their fast together. Feat. It has become clear that exclusion, discrimination and vilification on the grounds of race exists as an undeniable element of our otherwise successful multicultural society. [40] Baldwin,K. and J.Huber (2010), Economic versus Cultural Differences: Forms of Ethnic Diversity and Public Goods Provision, American Political Science Review, Vol. taking into account how this may impact the behaviour of supply, demand and prices in the overall economy, it nevertheless demonstrates that there are substantial macroeconomic gains in increasing labour market inclusion. The economic dimension, however, is not the justification upon which efforts to foster diverse workforces ultimately rest. We have Commissioners in the areas of race, sex, disability, childrens rights, Indigenous rights and also a Human Rights Commissioner is focussing on the rights and freedoms found in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. What is social impact? The supporting HR Associations included the Australian HR Institute (AHRI), Chartered Professionals in Human Resources (CPHR, Canada) and Human Resources Professionals Association (HRPA, Canada), Association Nationale des DRH (ANDRH, France), Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Personalfhrung (DGFP, Germany), Associazione Italiana per la Direzione del Personale (AIDP, Italy), HR Norge (Norway), Associao Portuguesa de Gesto das Pessoas (APG, Portugal) and Fundacin para el Desarrollo de la Funcin de Recursos Humanos Fundipe (Spain). This provision is so broad it is difficult to see any circumstances in public to which the protections would apply. We should all be proud of our multicultural history. the benefits of firms and people located near to each other (Bellini etal., 2008[31]). This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice tothe status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Carers NSW works with all carers regardless of their age, location, life-stage or circumstances. While other nations have faced racial tensions and riots, we have experienced long-term social stability. 64, pp. Furthermore, gender-diverse boards allocate more effort to monitoring, while CEO compensation is found to be more sensitive to stock performance. Social diversity is a global issue - and it has contributed to major geopolitical events such as Brexit and the fractious nature of the European refugee crisis. As a nation we embraced this diversity and recognised the economic and social benefits that come this brings. Retaining Long-Term Employees 3. One of our own supporters did it. As a nation we recognise that the expansion of labour markets, skills and capital gives us the necessary competitive edge to compete in an increasingly globalised world. Thus, while there might not be a clear-cut business case for diversity, there is a strong social justice obligation, as well as a business case to prevent discrimination and non-inclusion. Miguel R. Ramos received funding for the project discussed in this article from the Nuffield Foundation. [24] Gonzalez,J. and A.Denisi (2009), Crosslevel effects of demography and diversity climate on organizational attachment and firm effectiveness. 559-627. Our Australia's Diversity category covers a wide range of topics, including the history and impact of immigration, the importance of representation and inclusivity, and the distinct experiences of various communities across the country. The Australian Human Rights Commission was established as an independent statutory authority in 1986 through legislation that is now called the Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986 (Cth). We receive over 17,000 inquiries and complaints a year; 65% are conciliated, making a major contribution to the principle of equal access to justice. 89, pp. Oxfam Australia commissioned Deloitte Access Economics to analyse the economic and social impact an expanded refugee program may have on Australia's economy and society. 33/6, pp. In addition, this effect is even smaller when immigrants come from high-income countries and when native-born are highly educated. Those that come to the Commission are conciliated at no cost to those involved. For example, Joshi and Roh (2009[22])find that higher shares of women and ethnic minorities have a small negative impact in majority male or white teams, but a positive impact when teams are more balanced. The three main reasons for the Australia of today are the aboriginal (native) population, colonization by England, and immigration from many different countries and cultures. taxation, investments in public goods, Increased social cohesion: through stronger labour market inclusion and interactions at the workplace, Reduced trust and social interactions: e.g. In this report, we explored factors related to whether people thought an increasing number of people of many different races, ethnic groups and nationalities made their country a better place to live. 2. Overall, however, the effect is small; a 1-percentage point increase in the share of foreign-born lowers support for redistribution only by about 0.2 percent. Overall, these findings from meta-analyses seem to suggest that team diversity in terms of gender, ethnicity or age do not matter much for team performance. The lack of diversity in Australian politics has been apparent for years. Social and semantic contrasts prompted improper correspondence, which traded off validity, respectability, and group personality. Lastly, how diversity influences social cohesion hinges on the quality of governance structures and institutions. Also on the AFL field, Melbournes Neville Jetta was subjected to racial abuse during a game against the Western Bulldogs. Examples include increased genetic diversity owing to intergroup mating, sharing of knowledge and information, and access to new resources. Research on firm performance has assessed how diversity in executive boards affects profitability, how performance within teams may change and how higher diversity within firms influences productivity and wages. 4. Racism prevents fellow Australians from being able to participate in our society. in the workplace or at school, as such interactions can help reduce anxiety and increase empathy (for an overview, see Pettigrew et al., (2011[44])). I commend the bipartisan support for this dinner and the commitment from both political parties in ensuring that this features on the annual calendar of Parliament House. The Paris Principles set out the international minimum standards for the status and functioning of national human rights institutions. This indicates that attitudes towards redistribution are not primarily influenced by ethnic diversity, but rather by the socio-economic status of migrants and possibly an assumed dependence on social welfare benefits. Of particular significance is the removal of the requirement that acts be done reasonably and in good faith. It is itself a threat to the well-being of the whole community as well as to the individual or groups in the communitythe bill strikes a balance between the right of free speech and other rights of Australians.. it provides a safety net for racial harmony in Australia sends a clear warming to those who might attack the principle of tolerance.. and provides Australians who are the victims of racial hatred or violence with protection. [17] Carter,D. etal. On average, however, more gender equal boards have a negative effect on corporate performance. For France, there is also evidence that biased managers have a negative impact on how ethnic minorities perform on the job. (2015[14]). It is a combination of our differences that shape our view of the world, our perspective and our approach[1]. 85-96. According to the Australian Multicultural Council social cohesion at the national level is strong; however there is not a trickle-down effect to the community level. Before I begin I would like to acknowledge the Gadigal People of the Eora Nation, the Traditional Owners of the land upon which we gather today. [12] Parrotta,P., D.Pozzoli and M.Pytlikova (2014), Labor diversity and firm productivity, European Economic Review, Vol. France, for example, could gain around EUR150 billion, or 6.9% of the 2015 GDP, over 20years (i.e. The strategy involves a partnership of organisations. But we will not let it pass. On a country level, a study on 46 countries mostly high-income countries and emerging economies finds a strong negative relationship between the level of provision of public goods and inequality between ethnic groups measured as differences in mean incomes across groups. Not only do we need a national response but we must have systems and programs in place at the community level. Other studies show similar positive effects on GDP per capita, however effects are found to be stronger in low-income countries (see for example Bove and Elia (2017[30]). Where possible, other forms of diversity (notably age and educational background) are also included. 7922. (2017), Wider-community Segregation and the Effect of Neighbourhood Ethnic Diversity on Social Capital: An Investigation into Intra-Neighbourhood Trust in Great Britain and London, Sociology, Vol. Internationally, multiculturalism in Australia is seen as a success story, and stands as a good example on how to build a cohesive and inclusive society. Furthermore, assessing the economic impact is difficult for two main reasons. The consequence is that, for the first time in decades, an Australian government is seeking to water down legislation protecting human rights, and to reverse a trend towards increased protection for of the rights of minorities and vulnerable Australians. It happened. perceptions of whether others can be generally trusted. due to communication difficulties, Positive self-selection: unobservable characteristics such as grit and determination to overcome additional hurdles, e.g. They argue that this may reflect that immigrants skills and education often remains underutilised in the Italian labour market. For high-skilled migrant workers, their findings are not significant. Racism. Employers will increasingly feel the cost of discriminatory behaviour in the context of growing labour market shortages, as their competitiveness will suffer from irrational hiring preferences (Gary Becker, 1957). (2016), Age diversity and team outcomes: a quantitative review, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. (2016), Gender Quotas: Challenging the Boards, Performance, and the Stock Market. 66, pp. There is indeed evidence that diversity creates mistrust in communities. Similarly, panel data on US states over the 1960-2010 period indicates that diversity among highly educated immigrants has positive impact on economic growth, whereas diversity among low-skilled migrants has a no effect (Docquier etal., 2018[28]). The research highlights that social cohesion in Australia is relatively strong; however racial discrimination is a barrier to and destroys social cohesion, peace and harmony. This rich, cultural diversity is one of our greatest strengths. 2023 Global Future of Cyber Survey. We are different precisely in order to realise our need of one another. Im sure you will all agree with me when I say, that is this diversity that is one of Australias greatest strengths and assets. I applaud organisations such as the Affinity Foundation who are doing fantastic work at the local level to empower individuals and facilitate positive dialogues and relationships between all cultures and faiths. But after a period of four to eight years, individuals started to report mixing with people from different backgrounds, which improves their trust in others, promoting a positive impact on their quality of life. While other nations have faced racial tensions and riots, we have experienced long-term social stability. Females on Corporate Boards and Firm Financial Performance - A Meta-Analysis, Academy of Management Proceedings, Vol. There are a lot of factors that affect a person's socioeconomic status. 51/5, pp. Findings are somewhat mixed, but impacts of gender, ethnicity or age diversity are found to be either very small or insignificant. Lastly, the survey included questions on what kind of support they would like to receive for implementing diversity policies in their firms and what areas of diversity policies should receive more attention in the future. People of all cultures, background and faith have contributed to the development of the cultural and religious landscape of Australia. (2010), The Gender and Ethnic Diversity of US Boards and Board Committees and Firm Financial Performance. Through multiculturalism, the Australian experience has shown has that diversity can go hand in hand with a stronger social cohesion. Panel data fixed effects models, which often help accounting for unobserved heterogeneity, do not work for firm-level studies due to the small within-firm variation. But the potential benefits can only be realised if organisations foster a conducive atmosphere for their diverse workforce. The underrepresentation of cultural and linguistic diversity in Australian politics . This currently includes the Australian Human Rights Commission, a number of government departments, the Australian Multicultural Council, Federation of Ethnic Communities Councils, and National Congress of Australias First Peoples. Most studies discussed in this section discuss the impact of migrant diversity and gender, which reflects both the interest of the public debate as well as the focus of the literature. First, the potential impact of unobserved heterogeneity that may simultaneously influence the outcome variable and ethnic diversity at regional or firm levels is likely to bias the estimated effect sizes of diversity. Diversity is important for several reasons, both in society and in various contexts such as the workplace, education, and communities. 33/6, pp. [36] Dinesen,P. and K.Snderskov (2017), Ethnic Diversity and Social Trust: A Critical Review of the Literature and Suggestions for a Research Agenda, in Uslaner,E. In addition, the composition of migrants in terms of different countries of origin is found to be a more important driver for innovation than the regional population size of foreign-born. Traditionally but not mandatory, three dates are eaten to break the fast in emulation of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad, who broke his fast in this manner. Before I move on to the issue of racism in Australia, Id like to provide you with a brief overview of the Australian Human Rights Commission. Neighborhood Diversity, Interpersonal Trust and the Mediating Effect of Social Interactions. Economic arguments can only serve to reinforce the obligation of ensuring the labour market inclusion of diverse groups rooted in the idea of promoting a society that is just and equitable, valuing diversity, providing equal opportunities to all its members, irrespective of their various characteristics. They harm an individuals freedom to participate as a citizen in the community. (2008), Cultural diversity and economic performance: Evidence from European regions, HWWI Research Papers, No. To answer that I think we need to define what it is. 6, pp. By 2031, it is estimated that this number will exceed one million, with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people comprising 3.9 per cent of the population. (2010), The Gender and Ethnic Diversity of US Boards and Board Committees and Firm Financial Performance, Corporate Governance: An International Review, Vol. Based on interests and goals (sustainability, professional development, etc.) Creativity and innovative thinking: teams with diverse backgrounds, experiences and ideas, Lower productivity: e.g. Survival, according to this view, depended on protecting the group from the potential dangers posed by unknown others who were approached with caution. [1] Markus, P. (2013). Importantly there is strong level of support for multiculturalism from Australians themselves. [23] Horwitz,S. and I.Horwitz (2007), The Effects of Team Diversity on Team Outcomes: A Meta-Analytic Review of Team Demography. [4] Dandy and Pe-Pua. Submissions closed on 30 April 2014, and approximately 5,300 submissions were received. That public awareness campaign is a central part of the National Anti-Racism Strategy that the Commission leads. The 2018 Leading for Change report from the Australian Human Rights Commission showed that only 4% of federal MPs had non-European ancestry, compared to 19% of the Australian population. Studies on how diversity affects productivity at the firm-level, using representative data are rare. [47] Bon-Maury,G. etal. Social Impact of Racism Racism can occur at three levels. [46] Kemeny,T. and A.Cooke (2017), Urban Immigrant Diversity and Inclusive Institutions, Economic Geography, Vol. Parrotta, Pozzoli and Pytlikova (2014[12]) find for Denmark that diversity in educational background has no impact on patent applications, whereas diversity in country of origin among employees has a positive impact. Australia's isolation as an island continent has done much to shapeand inhibitits culture. These notions of equality, participation and empowerment are values that underpin our work at the Australian Human Rights Commission, including anti-discrimination laws in respect of disability, age, social justice and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders, race, and gender. When racist abuse rears its ugly head we will never as a club do what this person has done: disappear into anonymity. Strong community engagement provides opportunity, builds wealth, promotes social harmony, and ensures greater equality and justice for all citizens.
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