Beach City has a rising population of 50,000 robust, fertile males and 50, Changes in the risk-taking behavior of persons 3. Determining workload and planning the scope of facilities and manpower needs, True or False? HIV/AIDS 3. Predicting Consequences How does pollution of the ocean affect the fishing industry? Studies of nativity and migration have reported that: Some migrants have inadequate immunization status with respect to vaccine-preventable diseases. Which of the following reasons might account for place variation in disease? Describe one primary prevention approach and one secondary prevention The ill individuals developed moderate to severe diarrhea 16 to 46 hours after the picnic. Intervention that takes place during late pathogenesis and is designed to reduce the limitations of disability from disease, Teenage pregnancy is a major public health issue in the United States. Neither observers nor subjects know which subject receives the vaccine and which receives the placebo. disease increases relative to incidence. True or False? 2. possible psychological trauma that accompanies suspicion of a disease. Increases in lung cancer mortality, especially among women, illustrate which of the following trends in disease occurrence? Herd immunity refers to protection of a population against an infectious disease when a large proportion of individuals are immune through either vaccinations or past infections. The prevalence of virus X infections is higher among the hospital patients than among blood donors, The adverse consequences of using a screening test that has a low specificity include: i. unnecessarily subjecting people to potential risks associated with diagnostic procedures ii. Epi data are AT BEST approximations of what is occurring in the "real world". incidence of the disease and the duration of the illness. Successful treatment programs that would shorten the duration of a disease primarily affect: What are the three main components of SES? Activities that are designed to reduce the occurrence of disease & that occur during the period of prepathogenesis. The external validity of the data. Match the following. According to the natural history of disease model, the time before the precursors of disease and the host interact is called the period of: How were most Ebola cases from the Kikwit outbreak transmitted? can range from unintentional injuries in youth to cancer in old age. True or False? 1. True or False? Prevalence can be expressed as a use a different disease for each characteristic of PERSON or you may choose a This factor X could have confounded your interpretation of the data if it, Is a factor associated with physical activity and heart disease. frequency of hypertension in the white and nonwhite populations surveyed, the What are the two types of epidemics? If there were 4000 live births, 3 fetal deaths, and 40 The test manufacturers determine that the test's sensitivity is unacceptably low. False True or False: (q2=21C), x1=+9.0cmx _ { 1 } = + 9.0 \mathrm { cm } When an individual comes in contact with a piece of clothing that subsequently infects him or her that piece of clothing is a fomite and the infection is direct. This problem has been solved! Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease like pneumonia and influenza mortality may reflect seasonal variations in cases of influenza and c hanges in exposure to infectious agents. High rates of mortality from hypertension found among African Americans may The population etiologic fraction is a measure of the proportion of the disease rate in a population attributable to the exposure of interest. John Cassel argued that the agent, host, and environment triad provided an adequate explanation for chronic diseases of non-infectious origin. The existence of a dose-response relationship, that is, an increase in disease risk with an increase in the amount of exposure, does not support the view that an association is a causal one. True or False? If it is accepted that an observed association is a causal one, an estimate of the impact that a successful preventive program might have can be derived from: The death rate per 100,000 for lung cancer is 7 among non-smokers and 71 among smokers. of cigarette use and the secondary approach prompts the user to seek treatment. - Immunization against rubella - Primary prevention active. Keywords: 4. increased costs of the screening test. Fifty other members of the initial cohort could not be examined; 20 of these 50 could not be examined because they died. Which of the following infections shows a high subclinical/clinical ratio (inapparent/apparent ratio): True or False? What are the differences between "common source epidemic", "continuous When the duration of a disease becomes short and the incidence is high, the prevalence becomes similar to incidence. How can they improve the sensitivity of the test? rapidly spreading condition. In 1346-1352, The Black Death became a historic example of fatality due to illness. Colonization refers to the spread of plague to the Americas by settlers from Europe. The sensitivity and specificity of the new test are 60% and 70%, respectively. Hills postulates were instrumental in efforts to prove the causative involvement of a microorganism in an infectious disease. True or False? True or False? Lyme disease is an example of a disease transmitted by arthropod vectors. -Pandemic- refers to an epidemic on a worldwide scale; during a pandemic, large Indicate by choosing the appropriate option whether the use is for incidence or prevalence data: This is a use primarily for incidence data. Age is the most important factor because age-specific disease rates usually show Beach City has a rising population of 500,000 robust, fertile males and 450,000 robust, fertile females. prevalence shows no sex difference. Cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may A. to explain the etiology of a disease COVID-19 is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and was first identified in December C. Similar to the incidence rate of a disease of short duration. E. coli O157:H7 is not considered a threat to the food supply of the United States. Changes in exposure to infectious agents, A null hypothesis is most similar to which of the following. Home canned foods would be a likely source for an outbreak of salmonellosis. For each characteristic, explain how it is associated with the distribution of health Cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may relfect seasonal variations in cases of influenza The study of diseases linked to harmful physical energy, such as ionizing radiation, would be outside the scope of epidemiology. True or False? Skills Check 2 - Neuro Lab, Functional Neurol. The article explains that there has been a high rate of foot fungal disease in New Orleans for decades. One of the charges, (q1=+8.5C)isatx1=+3.0cm\left( q _ { 1 } = + 8.5 \mu \mathrm { C } \right) \text { is at } x _ { 1 } = + 3.0 \mathrm { cm } Choose the incorrect answer. Descriptive epidemiology has the following characteristics (Choose the incorrect option): Allows casual inference from descriptive data. One of William Farr's contributions to public health and epidemiology included the development of a more sophisticated system for codifying medical conditions. True or False? Total number of deaths from all causes: 900. In other words, there may be reasons that data do not fully reflect the nature of disease or risk factors. However, the manufacturers are not concerned with the specificity and do not want the cost of the test to rise. Skip to document Ask an Expert Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home Ask an ExpertNew The Gini index: True or False? vaccinations. The most likely explanation is that: the duration of the disease is greater in women. In community B, pathogenicity was 40%, infectivity was 90%, and virulence was 60%. Eighteenth. A new blood test has been developed to screen for disease Z. involvement of a microorganism in an infectious disease. The 1918 pandemic had three distinct waves: True or False? The time from diagnosis to probable death from the Ebola virus that occurred in Kikwit was? population over a specified time period. affected not only by how many new cases occur, but also by how long people who have The three historical figures that I found most interesting in our textbook were Alexander Numerous epidemiologic studies have indicated that race does not influence the For other diseases, 10-year and even 5-year age groups conceal important variations in disease occurrence by age. True or False? Which group of Americans became ill first with the flu in 1918? Let's say that in a certain population of 100,000 people, 100 new cases of a In community A, 200 susceptible people were exposed to an index case, 150 people were infected (not including the index case), 75 people became ill, and 40 people died. period of time. The three characteristics of PERSON that are used in epidemiologic studies are age, Mortality rates by sex in the United States generally show the following sex differences: The following is an example of an understanding off cause that reflects multiple contributing factors, Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect, Contact with a disease-causing factor or the amount of the factor that affects a group of individuals. An example of operations research is using epidemiology to plan the placement of health services in a community. This measure of effect is influenced by: 1. One of three main purposes of descriptive epidemiology is to aid in the creation The crude death rate for suicide in a rural town is 12 per 1,000. - identifies problems to be studied by analytic methods. Indicate by choosing the appropriate option whether the use is for incidence or prevalence data. Both A and C Which of the following is not usually an aim of epidemiology? 1. E. coli O157:H7 is not considered a threat to the food supply of the United States. In current thinking, the term epidemic is used only to describe outbreaks of infectious disease. They are nine aspects of an empirical association to consider when trying to decide whether the association is constant to consider if the association is consistent with cause and effect. A definitive diagnosis for disease Y among the 250 persons had been obtained previously. Smallpox, a disease that impacted Europe in the early 1700s, inspired the creation of Give an example of each. The resultant data are: Forty mothers have taken the suspected drug during their pregnancies. The relative risk of dying for a smoker compared to a non-smoker is, 10.1 for lung cancer and 1.4 for coronary thrombosis, An epidemiologic experiment is performed in which one group is exposed to a suspected factor and the other is not. The table below shows the mumps experience of children in 390 families exposed to mumps by a primary case within the family: The secondary attack rate among children aged two to four years is: True or False? The Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) is responsible for (give the best answer): Tracking down unusual disease outbreaks in the US and foreign countries. in order to demonstrate problems in public health. Cyclical variation in the annual incidence rates (per 100,000 persons per year). An epidemiologic survey of roller-skating injuries in Metroville, a city with a population of 100,000 (during the midpoint of the year), produced the following data for a particular year: The cause-specific mortality rate from roller-skating was: An epidemiologic survey of roller-skating injuries in Metroville, a city with a population of 100,000 (during the midpoint of the year), produced the following data for a particular year: The crude death rate for all causes was: Incidence and prevalence data have different applications in public health. The primary prevention approach gives the potential smoker information about the risks Pandemics", killed between 50-100 million people worldwide and it is estimated that 1/ What is known as "the Mother of All Pandemics." Prevalence is the number of existing cases of a disease or health condition at a A double-blind study of a vaccine is one in which: neither observers nor subjects know which subject receives the vaccine and which receives a placebo. particular time period and the incidence is the number of new cases being diagnosed population of 100,000 (during the midpoint of the year), produced the following With respect to a hypothetical rabies investigation conducted among veterinary workers (Dr. Spot, 2003), researchers found that rabies was almost always fatal. disease occur each year, and the average duration of the disease is 5 years. This is a use primarily for prevalence data. D ifferences in the post-operative care at the two hospitals 4. When applied in a group of hospitalized patients diagnosed as having virus X infections, the test is found to have a positive predictive value of 85%. When used to screen a group of healthy blood donors for virus X infections, the test is found to have a positive predictive value of 30%. In conclusion, prevalence and incidence are two important measures used in The public health nurse is analyzing the probability of influenza occurrence within the elderly/frail population. Population size is affected by three factors. (Page: 97-101), - Half-way houses for persons recovering from addiction - Tertiary Prevention overreferral of persons without disease for diagnosis iii. and control efforts. The study design is: Ecological study, because the the cause if before the effect (exposure before disease). the fact that influenza is a disappearing disorder.. seasonal variations in cases of influenza and the fact that influenza is a disappearing disorder.. long-term changes in mortality trends.. seasonal variations in cases of influenza.B C D Small Pox exists in developing countries. You are interested in controlling cigarette smoking among women aged 15-24. To provide a direct estimate of the risk of developing a disease. Descriptive epidemiology has the following characteristics (circle all that apply): -provides the basis for planning and evaluation of health services. The relationship between prevalence and incidence can be understood through a simple figures and their contributions to the field of epidemiology. single disease for all.) How many milliliters of 0.126 MMM HClO4HClO_4HClO4 (perchloric acid) Molecular epidemiology applies the techniques of molecular biology to epidemiologic studies and more. The risk of acquiring a given disease during a time period is best determined by: the incidence rate (cumulative incidence) for that disease in a given period of time. The social environment refers to the totality of behavioral, personality, and cultural characteristics of a group of people. Availability of the data Assume the true prevalence of Lyme disease among clinic attendees is 10%. Most of the time, epidemiologic researches confront a problem that has a clear etiologic base. Convey your understanding of the difference between The use of GIS (Geographic Information Systems) may be thought of as following the heritage of: Descriptive epidemiology characterizes the amount and distribution of disease within a population to enable the researcher to: -generate testable hypotheses regarding etiology. In the majority of cases, cyclic CS is caused by an ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma, but it can also be due to ectopic ACTH production or an adrenal adenoma. Based on your understanding of foods that potentially are capable of transmitting salmonella, the most likely source of the outbreak was. Mortality rates by sex in the United States generally show the following sex differences: According to classic studies, morbidity rates by sex in the United States show the following sex differences: High rates of mortality from hypertension found among African Americans may be due to: Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect: -Changes in exposure to infectious agents. Which form of prevention takes place after the precursors of disease interact with the host? Spring of 1918 and Fall/Winter of 1918-1919. Which of the following terms is expressed as a ratio (as distinguished from a proportion)? efforts. True or False? b. the fact that influenza is a disappearing disorder. Vaccine preventable diseases include Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). Incidence and prevalence data have different applications in public health. T he person has had symptoms and has had medical attention but does not know the name of the disease, Which of the following is not a method for controlling the effects of confounding in epidemiologic studies. The fundamental tool for etiologic studies of both acute and chronic diseases. This formula states that The attack rate of salmonellosis was: Which of the following examples involves indirect transmission of disease? using cigarettes. T he respondent provides the information but the interviewer doesn't record it or records it incorrectly 3. respiratory droplets and close contact between individuals. This could be due The case fatality rate is the same thing as the mortality rate for a disease. True or False? Infant mortality rates are higher in the upper social classes than in the lower At the initial examination in the Framingham study, coronary heart disease was found in 5 per 1000 men ages 30-44, and in 5 per 1000 women ages 30-44. cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may reflect: seasonal variations in cases of influenza. B. the fact that influenza is a disappearing disorder. Which form of prevention takes place after the precursors of disease interact with Check the flow rate calculated from the stream function by integrating the velocity profile along this line. exposure (cholera), Point epidemic- the response of a group of people to a source of infection or The death rate per 100,000 for coronary thrombosis is 422 among non-smokers and 599 among smokers. what do they mean? Total number of residents injured from roller-skating: 1800 but may be less likely to have an increased risk of cardiovascular events in the morning. In this work, Hippocrates idealized that diseases may be associated with population, and it is influenced by factors such as exposure to risk factors, susceptibility was that it impacted a younger demographic rather than an older demographic. Men are more likely to be diagnosed with -Changes in the fatal course of the condition. Case-control studies are among the best observational designs to study diseases of: Examples of descriptive epidemiologic studies do not usually include: A major advantage of cohort studies over case-control studies with respect to the role of a suspected factor in the etiology of a disease is that: they permit direct estimation of risk of disease in those exposed to the suspected factor. The main purpose of this procedure is to, Improve the likelihood that the two groups will be comparable with regard to known and unknown confounding factors, The purpose of a double-blind study is to, The strategy which is not aimed at reducing selection bias is, Standardized protocol for structured interviews, You are investigating the role of physical activity in heart disease and suggest that physical activity protects against having a heart attack. HSA 535 FINAL EXAM PART II 1 Cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may reflect 2 Which of the following activities characterizes an epidemiologic approach (as opposed to a clinical approach)? Reasons for gender differences in mortality may include: The outbreak of CJD in England in the 1990's represented what type of disease time trend? How much did the death rate due to I & P decline? In 2010, the groups most affected in the U.S. by TB were foreign-born individuals and racial and ethnic minorities. A dynamic population is one that adds new members through immigration and births and loses members through emigration and deaths. Assume everyone ate the same food items. If there were 4,000 live births, 3 fetal deaths, and 40 maternal deaths, what is the crude birth rate? -Endemic- used to characterize a disease that is habitually present in a particular This is a use primarily for prevalence data. True or False? tuberculosis. Assume everyone ate the same food items. The following data were collected: Which food item appears to be the most probable vehicle for the salmonella (agent) infection associated with the illness? According to classic studies, age-standardized morbidity rates in the United States for acute conditions, chronic conditions, and disability due to acute conditions show the following sex differences: Rates for females are higher than rates for males. Crediting the characteristics of the group to every individual in the group. True or false? Describe in detail (1+2 points). What are the health effects studied in relation to stress? Seasonal variations in new cases of influenza AND the fact that influenza is a disappearing disease The fact that influenza is a disappearing disease. Beach City has a rising population of 500,000 robust, fertile males and 450,000 robust, fertile females. The death rate per 100,000 for lung cancer is 7 among non-smokers and 71 among smokers. Name at least three strategies each for primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention, What are the Bradford Hill criteria and what are they used for. A study observed that towns with higher sales of suntan lotion had higher rates of skin cancer. It is calculated by dividing the number of people Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect: Selected Answers: Changes in the risk-taking behavior of persons Correct Answers: Changes in exposure to infectious agents Changes in the risk-taking behavior of persons Changes in temporary stressors. Find the net electric field (magnitude and direction) at x = 0 cm. Estimating the frequency of exposure. False Subsequent laboratory tests on everyone who attended the luncheon revealed an additional 72 cases. The disease was very rare and had a The figure on page 475 represents different combinations and qualities of validity and reliability (high vs. low). Large international variations in rates of infectious and communicable diseases as well as other conditions are most likely explained by: The use of GIS may be thought of as following the heritage of: Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect: Marital status is an important descriptive epidemiologic variable because it is: The descriptive epidemiologic variable AGE is related to: Reasons for gender differences in mortality may include: True or False?
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