doi: 10.1177/1359105320951620. 2021 Dec;33(Suppl 13):420-423. (2020). Batra K, Sharma M, Batra R, Singh TP, Schvaneveldt N. Assessing the psychological impact of COVID-19 among college students: An evidence of 15 countries. More exposure to disaster news via social media was associated with greater depression for participants with high (but not low) levels of the disaster stressor. We also spoke with two experts about this complex topic. In addition, all results of the Egger test were statistically insignificant, indicating improbable publication bias. Biometrics. Public Relat Rev. Book Study data were extracted by two independent researchers (YRL and YJJ). Front Psychol. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2021 Oct 6;23(11):70. doi: 10.1007/s11920-021-01288-y. The overall estimate of the four cross-sectional studies (Pearsons r) was 0.18 (95% CI: 0.100.27) with high inter-study heterogeneity (I2=73.04%). Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Six studies that dealt with anxiety symptoms and six with depression (Supplementary Material 11-1, 12-1) reported ORs and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) (n=9579 and n=13,241 for anxiety and depressive symptoms, respectively). Article BenZur, H. , Gil, S. , & Shamshins, Y. Conclusions: No ethical approval and patient consent are required since this study data is based on published literature. The repeated sharing of disturbing news can negatively impact the mental health of those social media users who are overexposed to this tragic material. Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. As it has grown, more people have started using it as a news source. 2020;71:13591053209516211. 2020;27(3):taaa031. The 16 studies were divided into the positive, negative and neutral effects of social media. She asserts that the COVID-19 pandemic, when social media use skyrocketed, caused a mental health crisis. -, Machado DB, Alves FJO1, Teixeira CSS, Rocha AS, Castro-de-Araujo LF, Singh A, et al. The results were similar to the overall outcome (anxiety: OR=1.45, 95% CI: 1.211.96; depression: OR=1.42, 95% CI: 0.692.90). Haddad JM, Macenski C, Mosier-Mills A, Hibara A, Kester K, Schneider M, Conrad RC, Liu CH. Alongside the increased desire for metrics such as likes and comments in these challenging times, its likely that social media has exacerbated mental health challenges.. New research indicates that video games are not as bad as we once feared. The outcomes of included studies were anxiety, and depression. Liu BF, Kim S. How organizations framed the 2009 H1N1 pandemic via social and traditional media: implications for US health communicators. The increase in social media use time was also associated with depressive symptoms (pooled OR=1.43, 95% CI: 1.301.85, prediction intervals: [0.822.49]), and the heterogeneity between studies was moderate (I2=67.16%) (see Fig. Privacy Mental health problems and correlates among 746 217 college students during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in China. depression, anxiety or blue). Olkin I, Dahabreh IJ, Trikalinos TA. Contradictory claims regarding the effect of social media use on mental health needs to be resolved. On a global scale, social media can be a way for people to gather information, share ideas, and reach out to others facing similar challenges. Draenovi M, Vukui Rukavina T, Machala Poplaen L. Int J Environ Res Public Health. The current study examines the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health among young adults in the US, how they use social media and the social support they obtain from the online environment, and the effect on their mental health during stay-at-home orders. 2020 Nov 13;29:e181. Elucidating the impact of health risks of COVID-19 on emotional exhaustion and academic performance: role of mindfulness and online interaction quality. Online mental health services in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. This global reach is what has made social media a critical communication platform during the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, the stigma surrounding mental health conditions may be decreasing. Bookshelf BMJ. 2014;3(3):13348. doi: 10.2196/38589. Revenge bedtime procrastination: A plight of our times? 10.1016/j.jaac.2020.05.009. In each study, the association with the mental health level of the social media frequent use group (compared to the low frequency group) was calculated as the odds ratio, and the association with the increase in the mental health level per hour increase was calculated as the regression coefficient () and Pearsons r. Statistics used for calculating pooled effects (e.g., odds ratio, regression coefficient, and Pearsons r) were utilized as its adjusted value with covariates from each study, not the unadjusted crude values. For sensitivity analysis, additional analysis including only high quality studies was conducted and it compared with the pooled estimates of overall results (see Table1). During the COVID-19 pandemic, a report published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) found that of the adults surveyed in the United States: Further research suggests that pandemic-related mental health challenges have impacted people differently, with some racial and ethnic groups disproportionately affected by pandemic stress. Lancet Psychiatry. 2023 Mar 15;325:747-754. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.009. 2000;56(2):45563. How Blame and Shame Can Fuel Depression in Rape Victims, Getting More Hugs Is Linked to Fewer Symptoms of Depression, Interacting With Outgroup Members Reduces Prejudice. Why Do Women Remember More Dreams Than Men Do? Passion, exercise, and meaningful relationships are a boon to brain health. We need to step up to that. Therefore, a meta-analysis was conducted to solve the contradictory effects of social media platform on anxiety and depression based on studies reporting an association between the use of social media and mental health outcomes (i.e., anxiety and depression) on the pandemic setting. Results: As expected, results from regression analyses indicated that a higher level of social media use was associated with worse mental health. With emerging research suggesting social media may impact the mental health of some users, some platforms have begun to initiate positive changes. What constitutes healthy sleep, and how much of it do we need each night? Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Facebook's rollout had a larger effect on women's mental health than on men's mental health, the study showed. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted For live updates on the latest developments regarding the novel coronavirus and COVID-19, click here. Get the help you need from a therapist near youa FREE service from Psychology Today. Screen Time beyond Gaming and Social Media: Excessive and Problematic Use of Over the Top (OTT) Platforms among College Students during COVID-19 Pandemic. (2012). Research published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research suggests that psychosocial expressions have significantly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Fear of COVID19 Scale: Development and initial validation. Social media has created both significant new challenges and exciting opportunities. PMC entertainment, news presenter | 4.8K views, 28 likes, 13 loves, 80 comments, 2 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from GBN Grenada Broadcasting Network: GBN News 28th April 2023 Anchor: Kenroy Baptiste. The pooled estimates of retrieved studies were summarised in odds ratios (ORs). Feelings of anxiety, depression, increased irritability, and excessive worry are likely consequences of being exposed (or overexposed) to this information. The authors declare no competing interests. In interpreting the findings of this study, several limitations should be considered. New research suggests there may be an association. Duval S, Tweedie R. Trim and fill: a simple funnel-plotbased method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Annual Review of Psychology, 71(1), 471497. The Impact of Social Media on College Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic: a Multinational Review of the Existing Literature. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Studies were included which met the following criteria: (1) use of the English language; (2) conducted after March 11, 2020 (date the WHO declared a pandemic) and published by December 20, 2020; (3) collected data using a validated tool of mental health symptoms (e.g., Patient Health Questionnaire: PHQ9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 items: GAD-7); (4) full texts available; (5) measured time spent on social media platform in either continuous or categorical variable; (5) provided their results in OR, , and/or Pearsons r, and (6) studies measured mental health symptoms such as anxiety and depression. Social media may be helpful for relieving anxiety and depression by providing information regarding the pandemic [7, 8]. The study aimed to present a comprehensive direction of relevance by analysing studies investigating the association between time spent on social media during the COVID-19 pandemic and mental health symptoms (i.e., anxiety and depressive) among the public. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. BMC Public Health 22, 995 (2022). doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13468. How Viagra became a new 'tool' for young men, Ankylosing Spondylitis Pain: Fact or Fiction, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Impact of public health crises on mental health. Undoubtedly, there are numerous benefits to using social media. Before 2022 Sep 19;6 (9):e38589. Boasting about professional accomplishments has negative repercussions. Accessibility The study recruited 101 participants, and found relationships between social media use, levels of loneliness, and other mental health issues, such as anxiety. There are specific issues relevant to the pandemic and social media that can have a negative impact on our mental health. Two mental health experts and advocates also weigh in with advice. Objective: We examined social support and technology use and their relationships with mental and physical health outcomes through the COVID-19 pandemic among AAPIs. The site is secure. Google Scholar. 2020 Nov 13;29:e181. However, in some people, anxiety can become overwhelming and cause harm. Cite this article. Research is beginning to uncover how specific social media experiences may influence youth mental health. With the rapid information spread along came the various public misconceptions and misinformation which consequently influenced perceptions and behaviors of the public . -. This includes tablets, phones, televisions, and computer monitors. For an individual, on average, engaging with Facebook decreases their mental health by roughly 22% of the effect of losing one's job, as reported by a previous meta-analysis, Makarin and his team found. There has been a stream of news regarding the pandemic, creating a sense of urgency and anxiety. Testing a tool for assessing the risk of bias for nonrandomized studies showed moderate reliability and promising validity. Instead of face-to-face interaction, people used social media and text . Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Are Women More Attracted to Men With Tattoos? Why do we procrastinate on sleep when we know that it might affect our productivity? The purpose of the study was to summarise the association between the time spent on social media platform during the COVID-19 quarantine and mental health outcomes (i.e., anxiety and depression). The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Results indicate a link between higher use of social media and an increased risk of depression. COVID-19; College students; Literature review; Mental health; Pandemic; Social media. The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. The COVID-19 pandemic-related social restrictions forced many people to change how they communicate. The Impact of Social Media on College Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic: a Multinational Review of the Existing Literature Authors Jessica M Haddad 1 2 , Christina Macenski 3 4 , Alison Mosier-Mills 4 , Alice Hibara 5 , Katherine Kester 4 , Marguerite Schneider 4 6 , Rachel C Conrad 3 4 , Cindy H Liu 3 4 7 Affiliations Every article was independently evaluated by two researchers (YJJ and YRL) in first hand, and a third researcher (SJJ) mediated the final selection in case of differences in opinion. Studies were subdivided into categories according to the summary estimate of effect sizes (odds ratio [OR], beta estimate from multiple linear regression [], and correlation coefficient [Pearsons r]). As government health organizations used it to relay recent findings on prevention and treatment, social media became more than a place to post the latest vacation photos it became a hub of pandemic-related information. Summary: Debate over social media's role on mental health will continue till a greater number of RCTs are conducted. Anxiety and depression measured by using screening tools with cut-offs presented results in odds ratios (see Supplementary Material 1). The authors would like to thank the Editage (www.editage.co.kr) for English language editing. After applying the trim-and-fill method, the funnel plot revealed no asymmetry (Supplementary Material 5), indicating no significant publication bias. The Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman method for random effects meta-analysis is straightforward and considerably outperforms the standard DerSimonian-Laird method. Heliyon. Flowchart of literature search and selection of the publications. The associations between problematic Facebook use, psychological distress and well-being among adolescents and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Also, implementation of social distancing mandates new norms limiting physical conducts in almost all sectors of life, including educational institutes and vocational venue. Moreover, path analysis showed negative affect mediated the relationship of social media use and mental health. Careers. A systematic literature review before the COVID-19 outbreak (2019) found that the time spent by adolescents on social media was associated with depression, anxiety, and psychological distress [21]. Keywords: Fourteen studies were included. Each item is measured as having a high risk of bias, low risk of bias, or uncertain. For example, based on participant selection, each researcher marked an article as having a high risk of bias if, for example, the patient definitions of depression were generated by self-reported data. Scientists use genetic rewiring to increase lifespan of cells, Beyond amyloid and tau: New targets in developing dementia treatments, Napping longer than 30 minutes linked to higher risk of obesity and high blood pressure, Activity 'snacks' could lower blood sugar, complication risk in type 1 diabetes, In Conversation: Investigating the power of music for dementia. 2020/New Sunshine Charity Foundation/International, NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program. eCollection 2023 Apr. Anxiety disorders are common conditions affecting nearly 20% of U.S. adults annually. NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program, da Silva ML, Rocha RSB, Buheji M, Jahrami H, Cunha KDC. 2023 Jan 5;23(1):24. doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-14917-9. Overall, social media is a paradox when it comes to one's mental health. BMC Med Res Methodol. FOIA Proc Natl Acad Sci. The pooled results are in line with previous systematic reviews and meta-analysis performed before the pandemic. This meta-analysis review was registered with PROSPERO (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, registration No CRD42021260223, 15 June 2021). Batra K, Singh TP, Sharma M, Batra R, Schvaneveldt N. Investigating the psychological impact of COVID-19 among healthcare workers: a meta-analysis. The COVID-19 pandemic has set the tone for a "new normal" of health and well-being. Additionally, according to a study that appears in the journal Globalization and Health, there is increasing evidence that endless news feeds reporting SARS-CoV-2 infection rates and COVID-19 death rates could influence the mental health of some individuals. Wathelet M, Duhem S, Vaiva G, Baubet T, Habran E, Veerapa E, Debien C, Molenda S, Horn M, Grandgenvre P, Notredame CE, D'Hondt F. JAMA Netw Open. [categorical] and How long (in hours) were you exposed to social media? Marino C, Gini G, Vieno A, i Spada, M. A comprehensive meta-analysis on problematic Facebook use. And it gives us great opportunities.. 2023 Jan 16;13(1):21582440221147022. doi: 10.1177/21582440221147022. All rights reserved. 2021. Kim SY, Park JE, Lee YJ, Seo H-J, Sheen S-S, Hahn S, et al. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. We conducted a longitudinal survey to examine the temporal patterns of owner-pet relationship, stress, and loneliness during four phases of the pandemic: 1) pre-pandemic (February 2020), 2) lockdown (April to June 2020), 3) reopening (September to December 2020), and 4 . J Affect Disord. National Library of Medicine The corresponding author attests that all listed authors meet authorship criteria and that no others meeting the criteria have been omitted. See this image and copyright information in PMC. There has understandably been widespread concern about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated restrictions on the mental health of children and young people, with evidence of recent increases in the prevalence of mental health problems. According to the new data, in 2021, more than a third (37%) of high school students reported they experienced poor mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic, and 44% reported they persistently felt sad or hopeless during the past year. What are some ways to make unwanted 'alone time' a positive experience? A single author first extracted the information and a second author checked for accuracy. Its not a one-out-of-five issue; its a five-out-of-five issue, and that is the permanent result of this year and a half of [COVID-19].. An official website of the United States government. McCrae N, Gettings S, Purssell E. Social media and depressive symptoms in childhood and adolescence: a systematic review. Kattula D, Singh Balhara YP, Chukkali S, Singh S, Bhargava R, Ganesh R. Psychiatr Danub. Res Synth Methods. GOSHa graphical display of study heterogeneity. In cross-sectional studies, misclassification cases due to an unreliable self-contained questionnaire for categorizing depressive patients were rated as high risk. For the qualitative assessment, studies with two or more high risk of bias grades were then classified as low quality. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Social media elements, ecologies, and effects. Still, there is ongoing debate on whether social media content regulation may increase mistrust and promote more social media posts reflecting inaccurate information. The study was rated as high quality only if the evaluation of both raters was congruent. 2). Open Forum Infect Dis. Mental health problems and correlates among 746 217 college students during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in China. Methodology: JIS, YCJ, YRL, SJJ. The search strategy principles were as follows: (1) Social media or individual names of social media in the title, keyword and abstract results; (2) Terms referring to mental health with COVID-19 specified in the title (e.g. The increase in the time spent using social media platforms were associated with anxiety symptoms in overall studies (pooled OR=1.55, 95% CI: 1.301.85), and the heterogeneity between studies was mild (I2=26.77%). The degree of heterogeneity was categorised as low, moderate, or high with threshold values of 25, 50, and 75%, respectively [17]. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). This study examines mental health among U.S college students during the subsequent 2020-2021 academic year by surveying students at the end of the fall 2020 and the spring 2021 semesters.