'", 14. Thanks also extend to T. Pailoplee for the preparation of the draft manuscript. Since that time, the divisions in these scales have been associated with measurable accelerations of the local ground shaking. Modified Mercallit (MM) Scale Primary wave (P wave) Richter, Charles Francis (19001985) Secondary wave (S wave) Tectonic and Tectono-Seismic Hazards Tectonic Tremor Bibliography Arias, A., 1970. Waves seen on ground. The earthquake magnitude calculator shows not only the energy but also. Instruct students to illustrate each page to describe the destruction of each level of earthquake based on the 12 point Mercalli Scale. Chicago, IL: "Many residents of the Windy City reported a strong tremor last night; some sleepers were awakened by what they described as 'a loud, crashing sound. 110 The Mercalli Scale Calling Station KWAT. (Ganse, Robert A., John B. Nelson, 1981). Brainstorm with the students how they might illustrate one of the pages. Tonga, Fiji, or another island country in the Pacific probably have the most earthquakes when it comes to earthquakes per area**. In comparison with these, the MMI-PGA relationship for Myanmar reported here illustrates that in the same engineering ground-motion level, that is the same PGA level, the MMI of Myanmar is reported at a lower level than those for the other region until level V. Figure 2. This scale is composed of 12 increasing levels of intensity based To this end, based on the published probabilistic seismic hazard map of the Yangon area, central Myanmar ([13], the maps were evaluated by using the strong ground-motion attenuation relationship of Boore et al. PS: We do not share personal information or emails with anyone. destruction, designated by Roman numerals. Slight structural damage. In this study, it is attempted to develop the relationship between macroseismic intensity, in terms of the MMI scale, and the engineering ground-motion parameter, in terms of the PGA. (1992) Dependence of strong ground motion on magnitude-distance, site geology and macroseismic intensity for shallow earthquakes in Greece: I, peak horizontal acceleration, velocity and displacement. Students learn about the Mercalli Scale for rating earthquakes.copyrightCopyright http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/US_Navy_110320-M-0145H-063_A_large_ferry_boat_rests_inland_amidst_destroyed_houses_after_a_9.0_earthquake_and_subsequent_tsunami_struck_Japan_March.jpg. The Significant Earthquake database originated from the Significant Earthquake Catalog Large landslides. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 94, 1728-1736. Empirically, the macroseismic intensity is most frequently related to the PGA because this engineering ground-motion parameter is the most commonly correlated parameter to structural damage and it is important for seismic resistant structure design [12]. WebA new 3-D earthquake simulator with a vibrating platform approximately 7 by 4 meters, has recently been. WebThe Modified Mercalli intensity scale (MM,MMI, or MCS), developed from Giuseppe Mercalli's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902, is a seismic intensity scale used for Considerable damage Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. The strongest earthquake ever recorded the one in Chile in 1960 was 8.6 on the Richter magnitude scale but had a moment magnitude of ~9.5. fz9TqUU*W#&8| ^17'tJ@1J-aNWjz0 `&n-SK3W Iw{8 /. Miraculously, because of the late hour, no one was hurt by the crashing tower. Hanging objects quivering. V. Felt outdoors; direction may be estimated. The contents of this digital library curriculum were developed under a grant from the Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education (FIPSE), U.S. Department of Education, and National Science Foundation GK-12 grant no. Centers for Environmental Information, Climate Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Water thrown on banks of canals, rivers, lakes, and so on. Duration can be estimated. Shabestari, K.T. (1956) A comparison of earthquake accelerations with intensity ratings. effects. and Papazachos, B.C. Kramer, S.L. may shake. the USGA can use the Mercalli Scale of Intensity to map out ground Macroseismic intensity, the descriptive reporting format of earthquake ground shaking, is useful to provide information about the response of structures, quality and type of construction, including the variation of geological conditions in specific areas. WebThe scale used in New Zealand is a twelve step ranking, hence Modified Mercalli (MM), with 1 representing the weakest of shaking, through to 12 representing almost complete destruction. To sum up, in the moment magnitude scale, the strength of the earthquake is tied up with the seismic moment, which depends on three physical parameters rigidity, area, and slip. CategoryEarth + Atmospheric Sciences Best forHigh School + Middle School. How they think engineers and scientists measure earthquake damage? Magnitude scales, like the moment magnitude, measure the size of the earthquake at its source. II. xX\vEV^-dwO2V\0~lY0YjcP_GZs)Ehm^$YE_I WxuqU]`hN!pm\>(T[}`2_dSVt!D:,^NN`u! Masks are expected for indoor activities. Some walls may fall. References, This within the limits of the current state of the art, NOAA cannot assume liability for Intensity ratings Rails bent greatly. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 65, 139-162. Kawasumi, H. (1951) Measures of earthquake danger and expectancy of maximum intensity throughout Japan as inferred from the seismic activity in historical times. Motions up to an intensity VIII+ in the MM Scale can be. Tell students to draw a picture having to do with an earthquake or the Mercalli Scale. Objects thrown up into the air. Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, 653. These earthquakes generated MMI values in the range of II-VI levels that fulfill the macroseismic investigation for low MMI levels. They make a model of a seismographa measuring device that records an earthquake on a seismogram. Return to: Potential to Kinetic | Dynamic 9 Based on this relationship, approximately, what is the magnitude of this earthquake. Objects thrown into air. Pendulum clocks may stop. and Brady, A.G. (1975) On the correlation of seismic intensity scales with the peaks of recorded strong ground motion. map for the M6.0 Napa, California earthquake on Most masonry and frame structures and their foundations destroyed. The effects of earthquake waves at the surface can be measured using an intensity scale.This is an arbitrary scale based on observations of phenomena such as: The most common intensity scale used in Australia is the 12-point Modified Mercalli scale. On 23rd May 1912, two earthquakes of a magnitude of Mw 8.0 devastated Myanmar. ", 12. III. Cite as: National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Damage to weak masonry. Engineers work very hard to protect humans from the potentially dangerous force of earthquakes. Figure 1, Table 1, Figure 1. For example, MMI 6 corresponds to a peak ground velocity of about 50 mm/s.Intensity is easy to use, even for historic earthquakes. ", 19. Engineering to Prevent Natural Disasters: Save Our City! Intensity ratings are expressed as Roman numerals between I at the low end and XII at the high end. Can they think of examples where something has a rating or a level? . The Modified Mercalli intensity scale ( MM, MMI, or MCS ), developed from Giuseppe Mercalli 's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902, is a seismic intensity scale used for measuring the intensity of shaking produced by an earthquake. The Mercalli scale is particularly useful for comparing modern earthquakes with those that occurred before the era of seismographic recording (i.e., prior to 1900)-and for providing estimates of earthquake location, focal depth, and magnitude for these early events. Khin, A. and Win, K. (1968) Preliminary studies of the paleogeography of Burma during the Cenozoic. Kansas City, MO: "All of the dishes in Thelma's Cafe rattled noisily, but none crashed off the shelves. Indicate the intensity values on the map. Branches broken from trees, General panic. 2 0 obj As such, the main goals of the study are: 1) to gather the macroseismic intensity data that has been previously reported for the Myanmar region and adjacent areas; and 2) to correlate this and contribute the relationship between the felt intensity information and the engineering ground-motion parameter as the PGA. Empirical relationships between the macroseismic intensity and the groundmotion parameters (peak ground acceleration [PGA], peak ground velocity [PGV]) for western China are derived in this study. The most important thing to remember is the fact that in the Richter scale, wave amplitudes are taken into account. Bloomington, IN 47405-7101 stream ), Seismic Design for Nuclear Power Plants. Pittsburgh, PA: "Several reports of gentle shaking were received at police headquarters. Information, NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database, Natural Hazards Map Viewer - Significant Earthquakes Layer, Information Although in the Northern Hemisphere, antipode usually refers to Australia or New Zealand. z/76 E1(S=C50R6*C?dzy}5n`u%]|QJ. A measure of earthquake intensity. Noticeable indoors, especially on upper floors. Lines of sight and level distorted. Students learn about the types of seismic waves produced by earthquakes and how they move through the Earth. The class could even draw one level of the scale at a time together. Natural Science Vol.4No.8A(2012), Article ID:21664,7 pages DOI:10.4236/ns.2012.428082, Relationship between Modified Mercalli Intensity and peak ground acceleration in Myanmar, Earthquake and Tectonic Geology Research Unit (EATGRU), Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Pailoplee.S@gmail.com, Received 27 June 2012; revised 25 July 2012; accepted 11 August 2012, Keywords: Isoseismal Map; Modified Mercalli Intensity; Peak Ground Acceleration; Myanmar. However, because of the many unsymmetrical geologic factors influencing intensity, the curves are often far from circular. John Wiley, New York. Landslides. on the date and time of occurrence, latitude and longitude, focal depth, magnitude, Significant damage was reported to tracks at the new railroad yard. WebA 12-point abridged form of the modified Mercalli scale is provided below. Based on data from the northeastern United States, seismologists have estimated the following relation between earthquake magnitude (M) and epicentral intensity (Ie): M = 0.62 Ie + 0. Explain the Mercalli Scale on their own through drawing and writing. The Mercalli Scale is based on observable earthquake damage. Wood and Frank Neumann in 1931, in which intensity is considered to be more suitably graded. exist. Felt indoors. VIII. 812-855-5809. An earthquake has a single magnitude, but intensity varies with distance. ", 5. WebIn the United States, we use the Modified Mercalli (MMI) Scale. In summary, the data of macroseismic intensity obtained from these 10 collected isoseismal maps have a MMI level in the range of II-IX and so cover almost all of the standard MMI levels (i.e., I-XII), to allow an investigation into the relationship between the MMI and PGA. 135-138. These variations can be considerable, even over short distances. Circle skirt calculator makes sewing circle skirts a breeze. In case of no shelter, hold on to your head and neck with both arms and hands. Sometimes journalists confuse earthquake measures and throw Richter's name into the mix but that is incorrect, as Richter's scale has not been used since 1970 when seismologists Kanamori and Hanks developed a new measure. Department of Mineral Resources (2006) Macroseismic investigation in Chiang Mai Province, Northern Thailand. the last several hundred years. Structural engineers usually contribute information for assigning intensity values of VIII or above. This is a web site through which IX. Figure 3. shaking. It is common to find intensities ranging by 1 unit in a neighbourhood, and not unusual to find values 2 or more. It also triggered numerous landslides, floods, and even volcanic eruptions. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, 13, 1-147. Copyright http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/US_Navy_110320-M-0145H-063_A_large_ferry_boat_rests_inland_amidst_destroyed_houses_after_a_9.0_earthquake_and_subsequent_tsunami_struck_Japan_March.jpg. Avoid buildings, trees, power lines, and signs if you can. Boore, D.M., Joyner, W.B. 1 0 obj The first is the Mw- 5.0 earthquake that occurred on the 8th October 2006 in the southern part of Thailand [9], whilst the second is the Mw 4.6 earthquake located at Chiang Mai province, northern Thailand [10]. ", 9. WebFirst, measure the scale on the map in Figure 13.13 in centimeters, and use that to convert your distances in kilometers to centimeters (ex. In order not to be biased by this effect, the Modified Mercalli scale attempts to allow for varying effects on different types of construction. Many factors affect surface ground motion, including topography and near-surface geology, especially soft surface sediments. you can report your own experiences during an earthquake, so that Other intensity scales are used in some countries. We find out that a magnitude of 7.1 is 20 times bigger (on a seismogram, in terms of amplitudes) and ~89 times stronger (in terms of energy release) than a 5.8 magnitude. Even sports teams have different levels to make sure that teams with the same ability play each other. However, according to the limitation of the political and economic situation, seismic hazard assessment and action is seemingly not recognized within the top priorities in Myanmar. The most important rules to remember are drop, cover, and hold on: Drop to the ground onto your hands and knees. This study, therefore, used the PGA to calibrate with the obtained macroseismic intensity data. A significant earthquake is classified as one that meets Jefferson City, MO: "Hotel residents complained of a sound like 'a truck crashing into the building. Global Significant Earthquake Database. Some dishes, windows broken. 5), Represent and interpret data. ground. Total damage. Other intensity scales are used in some countries. Students can research famous earthquakes on the Internet and discover the Mercalli Scale level for each one. These data are necessary for earthquake hazard assessments and mitigation efforts. Geo-Spatial Information Science, 13, 230-234. General panic. Ground cracked noticeably. Ground badly cracked. WebThe 1931 Modified Mercalli scale used in the United States assigns a Roman numeral in the range I - XII to each earthquake effect. Copyright 2023 The Trustees of May not be recognized as an earthquake. [14]. to the size of seismic waves produced during a quake. Copyright ? About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us As a result, five isoseismal maps were contributed and published [7,8]. Maximum intensity normally occurs near the earthquake epicentre, with intensity values then decreasing with distance. However, today seismologists more commonly rely on what is ", 13. If you want to know which country has the most earthquakes, it depends on what you really mean: Indonesia lies in a very active seismic region and is a relatively big country, so it probably has the most earthquakes in total. Decayed pilings broken off. WSU Press, Seattle. 790 E. Kirkwood Avenue Small objects are displaced or upset. Giant Wave Characteristics and Causes, Survive That Tsunami! Bridges destroyed. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K [access date], Earth Science > Solid Earth > Seismology > Earthquake Occurrences, INFOTERRA > Disasters > Catastrophic phenomena > Earthquakes, INFOTERRA > Lithosphere > Seismic activity > Seismic activity, INFOTERRA > Lithosphere > Seismic monitoring > Seismic monitoring, INFOTERRA > Disasters > Catastrophic phenomena > Tsunami, DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, Little Rock, AR: "Residents of the Holiday Inn noted that the water sloshed out of the swimming pool during the quake. 2006-2013 Scientific Research Publishing Inc. All rights reserved. Please understand that by attending and participating you are granting IU permission to use your image in photographs and videos to promote Science Fest and other outreach activities in the future. pages, email and other written documents. ", 15. The magnitude does not depend on where the measurement is made. Wholesale destruction. On 8th August 1929, an earthquake with a Mw of 7.0 was generated in Pegu, central Myanmar. ", 22. Waves seen on ground. Common Alerting Protocol Depending on where you are, different recommendations exist: Stay there! Explain the different levels of the Mercalli Scale using words or pictures. Louisville, KY: "The Captain's Restaurant reported $3000 damage due to broken china and glassware. Marginal and long-period effects of large earthquakes. and Wenbin, S. (2010) Seismic hazard maps of Yangon and its surrounding areas. (Grades The intensity scale consists of a series of certain key responses such Did you notice that 3 out of the 12 most powerful earthquakes were in Chile? Historical documents indicate that a severe earthquake occurred somewhere in the Midwest, and the effects were felt over a wide area. The database provides information The correlation coefficient (R2) for the shown linear regression is 0.9681. The JMA (Japan Meteorological Agency) scale from 1 to 7 is used in Japan and Taiwan. Earthquake templates. Carbondale, IL: "Major damage was sustained only in new, prefabricated dwellings. Hold on to your shelter with one hand until the shaking stops. WebFrom the result of this regression ( Figure 2 ), it appears that there is a slight trend of MMI to be a linear function in relationship to the, which can represented by Equation (2) with a standard deviation of 0.33. Warning, earthquake! The series of MMI-PGA data are distinguished by different symbols and the numbers correspond to the isoseismal maps in Figure 1. Difficult to stand. Does the booklet make sense? Memphis, TN: "Damage to the city is severe. Hershberger, J. Furniture broken. WebThe above table shows the approximate relationship between Modified Mercalli Intensity and Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA). Charles Richter developed the logarithmic scale in 1935 to compare local earthquakes the ones in southern California with an epicenter of up to 370 miles (600 km) from the seismograph. Note that the scale is based on vibration experienced at a particular site. A 12-point abridged form of the modified Mercalli scale is provided below. Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale - A copy of the The areas of equal intensity, referred to as isoseismals, tend to form irregular bullseye patterns, with the center of the bulls eye, and the highest intensities, experienced at or near the earthquake epicenter. After that, each MMI value was plotted against the corresponding calculated PGA, as shown in Figure 2. Hand sanitizer will be available, and social distancing is encouraged at the festival so you can have fun safely exploring dozens of amazing science activities, both indoor and out! Thanks for your feedback! It describes the damage left by an earthquake, not the actual force of the earthquake. The easiest way to do this is to print out the map and write the values by the dot for each city. From the isoseismal maps described above, the individual area of each MMI level was gridded with a spacing of 1 1 km to measure the source-to-site-distances that the seismic wave traveled and was attenuated over. During 1929-1930 AD, there were five earthquakes within the magnitude of range 7.0 - 7.3 Richter that occurred in the Myanmar region. WebModified Mercalli Intensity Scale CREDIT: Northern Illinois University Earthquake magnitude measures the strength of an earthquake, or the amount of energy that is released. [6] and Pailoplee et al. At each location assign Owen Hall Considerable damage to ordinary buildings, Also, our tool is a safe bet if you want to compare different earthquakes and want to know how much stronger one earthquake is compared to another. What to do during an earthquake? Use of the TeachEngineering digital library and this website constitutes acceptance of our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Act, 2015, Public Law 113-235. We use a grading scale in school when we get an A, B or C. Some schools use a numeric grading system for the same level of work, where an A is equal to a 4, a B to a 3, and so on. Felt by a few people, especially on the upper floors. The different symbols used in Figure 2 distinguish the MMI-PGA data obtained from individual isoseismal maps. and Sponheuer, W. (1969) Scale of seismic intensity. Although it confounds many variables, Some damage to reinforced masonry; none to reinforced masonry designed to resist lateral forces. the measurement of the maximum motion recorded by a seismograph. Thus, in contrast to the Richter Magnitude scale, which assigns a single value to represent the overall size of an earthquake, the intensity values for a given quake range from site to site. Several scales of measurement have been developed. Detailed Description. 4 0 obj WebThe most common intensity scale used in Australia is the 12-point Modified Mercalli scale. Here is a photograph of Giuseppe Mercalli, the inventor of U.S. Department of Commerce, National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS), DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, What does it measure? Hanging objects swing. Proceedings of the 5th World Conference Earthquake Engineering, Santiago, 13-18 January 1969. It was originally introduced by the Italian seismologist Giuseppe Mercalli in 1902, and was Indiana University, 1. OFFICE OF RESEARCH Recorded by seismographs. Grey thin lines illustrate the earthquake faults based on Bender et al. $1 million or more), magnitude 7.5 or greater, Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) X technology, engineering or math (STEM) educational standards. Landslides. After this activity, students should be able to: Each TeachEngineering lesson or activity is correlated to one or more K-12 science, The Modified Mercalli Intensity value assigned to a specific site after an earthquake has a more meaningful measure of severity to the nonscientist than the magnitude because intensity refers to the effects actually experienced at that place. The descriptions below are a simplified version of the New Zealand Modified Mercalli Intensity scale. Has anyone ever heard of the Mercalli scale? Thus, in this study, the PGA values used for calibration with the MMI are inferred using the groundmotion attenuation characteristic of Boore et al. There are many ways of protecting buildings from earthquakes, such as friction pendulums you can read about them in the article accompanying the damping ratio calculator. ", 17. We can use scales, rubrics, points, letter and numbers to show the level of something. Many poor buildings damaged, Significant damage. and linked to the related tsunami event or significant volcanic eruption. Earth, Planets and Space, 61, 1313-1325. of Commerce, ICSU-WDS > International Council for Science - World Data System. NCEI launched publicly on April 22, 2015. (Answer: the damage left by an earthquake) Today we will learn more about this scale. Fall of plaster, loose bricks, stones, tiles, cornices. U.S. Department of Commerce, Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords, Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Data Center Keywords, Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Location Keywords, Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Project Keywords, National WebThe Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale is commonly used in the United States by seismologists seeking information on the severity of earthquake effects. Engineers often invent scales or systems to use as measurement tools.