Eight patients (36.4%) complained of typewriter tinnitus without any other neurotologic symptoms, while the other 14 (63.6%) had combined neurotologic symptoms. (b) Type II loop is entering the IAC (arrow) within <50% of the length of the IAC. Of the 21 patients with unilateral tinnitus, the right ear was affected in 10 and the left in 11. Article Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: W.S, J.J., J.K. and J.S. Article More clearly speaking, it improves your hearing ability. People may have difficulty hearing and focusing. Alright then, here you go. Went to a minute clinic thinking I had something in my ear - and she . PubMed Central Clinical evidence shows that it has a certain power to make people less aware of the symptoms. On the other hand, they found that among participants with high blood pressure and tinnitus, the antihypertensive medications may have been responsible for the hearing difficulties. Take a Tylenol sinus tablet (I use generic). Otol Neurotol (c) Type III loop is extending into more than 50% of the IAC (arrow). Tapping in the ear sometimes suggested by the brain Sometimes the brain fools us. Meticulous history-taking in terms of the psychoacoustic characteristics and the response to initial carbamazepine, are more reliable diagnostic clues than are radiological or neurophysiological data in NVC-C subjects. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in They offer some additional benefits too. Something as normal as breathing, yawning or even eating can set the muscle into spam which is causing the ticking noise. 108, 17391742 (1998). Your eardrum is located almost adjacent to the TMJ, and this joint typically creates all the TMJ disorders. Use it with something that emits Morse code as sound or vibrations. There is no single cure to get rid of. Two neuro-radiologists blinded to the clinical findings separately evaluated the neurovascular features of the IAC and the cerebello-pontine angle (CPA) on axial, three-dimensional (3D), T2-weighted, volume, isotropic, turbo, spin-echo acquisition (T2-VISTA) sequences obtained via 3T-MRI, and made final decisions by consensus. Shiny Sherlie, V., & Varghese, A. ENT changes of pregnancy and its management. Brain Struct Funct Future studies comparing typewriter tinnitus to conventional pure-tone or narrow-band-noise-like tinnitus in terms of the response to carbamazepine are therefore required. The eustachian tube is responsible for maintaining intratympanic air pressure. Med Sci Monit Like they improve your focus, brain activity and give relief from degenerative diseases. An article in the Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery describes a unique group of ear, nose, and throat disorders associated with pregnancy. Google Scholar. The frequency of the electricity in the form of sound tends to reach the ears of a receiver. Moreover, dont get surprised if pain is associated with the continuous tapping. Apart from them, noise pollution, stress, medications, brain injuries can create this suffering. Nam, E. C., Handzel, O. Pract Otorhinolaryngol (Basel) In addition to ringing in the ears, other symptoms associated with tinnitus may include: Stress due to fear of tinnitus. 95, 947951 (1981). As also found in previous case reports, all patients exhibited prompt symptom improvement, within 2 weeks of the commencement of low-dose carbamazepine9, 12. It indicates something wrong happening inside your auditory system. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. PubMed Central If someone takes salt, it can affect the blood flow in the ear. Analysis and interpretation of data: W.S., Y.B., J.K. and J.S. (2012). AJNR Am J Neuroradiol You can just subside it by adopting different techniques. When their heart rate increases, the beat or sound will become faster; when it decreases, the beat or sound will slow. Causes include tinnitus, dysfunction of tissues in the ear, and high blood pressure. Some researchers suggest that dysfunctional contractions of the muscles in the middle ear can cause fluttering sounds. Instead, try the CWops Morse Trainer . Hence the 'Morse code'. One such drug name is alprazolam (Xanax) which shows a good impact on tinnitus patients during a clinical trial. They may need to consult a specialist in conditions of the ear, known as an otolaryngologist, or an ear, nose, and throat specialist. McDermott, A. L., Dutt, S. N., Irving, R. M., Pahor, A. L. & Chavda, S. V. Anterior inferior cerebellar artery syndrome: fact or fiction. For example, carbamazepine is one of the most extensively studied drugs for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. We analyzed the clinical characteristics, the results of audiovestibular neurophysiological tests and radiologic evaluations, and the initial treatment response to carbamazepine, in a relatively large group of patients with typewriter tinnitus. (a) There is no neurovascular contact (arrow), which is classified as type I. Neurology One investigation studied the positive association between tinnitus and high blood pressure. In 2007, De Ridder et al. This wasn't an external sound that I was hearing, it was inside my ear! Lowering the variability in blood pressure may help prevent hearing loss. Morse Decoder. Radiological comparisons of the symptomatic and asymptomatic sides, regarding the type of the vascular loop and neurovascular contact, revealed no significant differences. But not anymore! For its characteristic sound, it is also called typewriter tinnitus. Sandoz, Inc. issues nationwide recall of 13 lots of orphenadrine citrate 100 mg extended release tablets due to presence of a nitrosamine impurity. J Neurosci Methods Cervical Pain During Pregnancy Third Trimester: 3 Important Causes! Had my children and friends trying to listen out for it too. Some treatments cited in case reports include: On March 21, 2022, Sandoz issued a voluntary recall of 13 lots of the drug orphenadrine citrate 100mg ER tablets due to the presence of nitrosamine. SpiritBeing. Study concept and design: W.S., Y.J., Y.B., J.K. and J.S. The following methods may reduce the intensity and burden of tinnitus symptoms: Researchers are exploring innovative techniques using electromagnetic energy and implants as potential cures. Barker, F. G. 2nd, Jannetta, P. J., Bissonette, D. J., Larkins, M. V. & Jho, H. D. The long-term outcome of microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia. The MHL of all patients was 15.614.9dB HL on the affected side(s). It can even sound like your heart beat. Treatment of objective tinnitus with transpalatal Botox injection in a pediatric patient with middle ear myoclonus: A case report [Abstract]. Patients with short histories of the condition usually present with normal amplitudes and latencies, but, after 2 years of symptoms, the amplitude of peak II decreases15, 34. We suggest that, as is true of other neurovascular compression syndromes, carbamazepine-mediated inhibition of the voltage-gated sodium channel may suppress ephaptic axonal transmission in the injured cochlear nerve, and thus alleviate typewriter tinnitus. Knowing about the causes may help to take earlier effective measurements against this issue. Killian, J. M. & Fromm, G. H. Carbamazepine in the treatment of neuralgia. In turn, this can cause a ringing sensation in the ear. Menieres disease is a chronic disorder of the vestibular system, which controls balance and equilibrium. studied the histopathology of the vestibular nerve and suggested that the vascular loop did not play a primary role in the development of vestibular paroxysmia, but rather applied pressure to, or otherwise triggered, an ectopic excitation focus33. PubMed 68, 4346, doi:10.1159/000090490 discussion 4647 (2006). AJNR Am J Neuroradiol Doctors may suggest one of the following nonsurgical approaches, but to date, limited evidence supports their use: Some surgical procedures may also relieve symptoms of eustachian tube dysfunction. Of the 22 subjects, 11 (50%) had histories of vertiginous spells, but none had ipsilesional hearing loss. Wholesomealive is an online healthcare media publishing website. Rather, doctors call this phenomenon acoustic misperception. Morse code is a way of sending messages by making dots and dashes on a piece of paper. In terms of the associated symptoms, paroxysmal vertigo and the hemifacial spasms abated in 100% and 60% of patients, respectively. Auditory Hallucinations from lack of sleep probably. The sound is not constant, but there is a period of silence and then repetition. Of the two cases of vestibular dysfunction, one (case 2) presented with vertigo. Internet Explorer). it happens mostly when i lie down/ tilt my head ? contracts here. 34, 418426 (1984). However, when they stopped their medication for a few days, the symptoms recurred. You can even consume dietary supplements to treat morse code tapping sound in ear. 81, 451455, doi:10.1136/jnnp.2009.173732 (2010). Fishers exact test was used to compare the VFT results by the presence of vertigo. This morse code sound started 4-5days ago at first i thought it was my hearing aid playing up and it does beep when it due to have battery changed but soon as i took them out it was still there its driving me mental, I am also spiritual as well and even tried to translate morse code haha that was pointless its to fast and i dunno where to start, This recall is specific only to a handful of lot numbers and does not affect all orphenadrine tablets made by Sandoz. drum-like thumping fluttering whooshing gushing People may hear the sounds in one or both ears, and the sounds may be: rhythmic regular irregular continuous intermittent Some causes of tinnitus. As an Amazon Associate, we earn from qualifying purchases. Some medications, such as birth control pills and diuretics, may also be contributing factors. Things are going to take a sharp turn, of course, in a positive way. Typewriter tinnitus revisited: The typical symptoms and the initial response to carbamazepine are the most reliable diagnostic clues. For now, our biggest concern is to introduce you to the most effective remedies. The types of AICA loops were defined using the Chavda classification: Type I, the AICA loop lay within the CPA but did not enter the IAC; Type II, the AICA loop lay within<50% of the length of the IAC; and, Type III, the AICA loop extended into>50% of the IAC (Fig. The anticonvulsant effects of carbamazepine are attributable to. Vestibular nerve histopathology and theory of pathophysiology. Makins, A. E., Nikolopoulos, T. P., Ludman, C. & ODonoghue, G. M. Is there a correlation between vascular loops and unilateral auditory symptoms? : & Rovers, M. M. Anticonvulsants for tinnitus. Tinnitus has many potential causes. Publisher's note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec In the time since Mardini first reported ear-clicking tinnitus responding to carbamazepine, the idea that neurovascular compression of the cochlear nerve (NVC-C) by the loop of the anterior-inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) is responsible for such typewriter tinnitus has become accepted1. 10, e0123538, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123538 (2015). There is no permanent cure for tinnitus, but that doesnt mean there is no treatment for it. The types of AICA loops and the types of neurovascular contacts evident on MRI were compared between the symptomatic and asymptomatic sides using the linear-by-linear association test. 2019 - 2022 wholesomealive.com. J Laryngol Otol This may lead to infection and create a clicking or tapping sound. Jing-Jing Wang, Yan-Mei Feng, Shan-Kai Yin, Priyanka Misale, Fatemeh Hassannia, John Rutka, Alma Rosa Cuevas-Romero, Luz Mara Alonso-Valerdi, David Isaac Ibarra-Zrate, Peter M. Kreuzer, Timm B. Poeppl, Martin Schecklmann, T. T. Hickman, C. Smalt, M. C. Liberman, Leonidas Trakolis, Benjamin Bender, Georgios Naros, Rafay A. Khan, Bradley P. Sutton, Fatima T. Husain, Jorge P. Simes, Patrick K. A. Neff, Martin Schecklmann, Stefan Schoisswohl, Kushal Agrawal, Martin Schecklmann, Scientific Reports People with tinnitus should avoid salt, alcohol, sweets, caffeine, and fast foods because they negatively impact the underlying causes. This work was supported by a grant from the Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by the Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (grant number HI14C2264). Kim, S. H. et al. ISSN 2045-2322 (online). Silent R. 3,638 148 4. 2)24. However, MRI is very useful to rule out other pathologies, such as lesions of the CPA and IAC. People explain it as a morse code tapping sound in ear. Feeling morse code beeping in-ear is indeed torturous. Difficulty sleeping. : There is no definitive answer, but the condition is generally considered to be benign. Ear pain. Of five patients with hemifacial spasms, three (60%) reported improvements after carbamazepine treatment. Accumulation may occur from overproduction or a lack of self-cleaning. Text to Morse Just type letters, numbers and punctuation into the top box and the Morse code will appear in the bottom box with a "#" if the character cannot be translated. So, without any further adieu, provide any of them a try. In addition to the previously suggested features of the condition (unilateral, paroxysmal, and short-lasting), we emphasized the staccato character of the complaint when evaluating the psychoacoustic characteristics. All patients showed CR or marked responses to short-term carbamazepine treatment, but neither the audiovestibular nor the radiological examinations revealed consistent ipsilesional abnormalities at levels>50% except for the type of neurovascular contact (types II and III combined, 62.5%). Furthermore, most previous studies focused on paroxysmal vertigo16,17,18; only a few case reports have explored typewriter tinnitus9, 12. Are you experiencing something clicking or tapping sound inside your ear? Although histopathological data are lacking for most cases of the syndrome, several possible pathophysiologies have been suggested by those studying various microvascular conflict disorders. Input. Paroxysmal vertigo, also termed disabling positional vertigo, is assumed to be caused by compression of the vestibular part of the eighth cranial nerve by the loop of the AICA. Slider with three articles shown per slide. First, as we have already acknowledged, we could not evaluate changes in the latency and amplitude of the ABR; these were not evaluated in most patients because their symptoms were of short duration. As a consequence, you get relief from inner ear noise. Levine, R. A. Typewriter tinnitus: a carbamazepine-responsive syndrome related to auditory nerve vascular compression. 140, 12791286 (1998). Woongsang Sunwoo and Yung Jin Jeon contributed equally to this work. Both these supplements are budget-friendly and super easy to take. Of course, with your doctors consultation. Swallowing, yawning, chewing, and forced exhalation can all help equalize pressure across the middle ear and resolve the symptoms. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry So, if you come to know this is happening due to high blood pressure, then increasing your activity can subside it. A person should see a doctor if they experience any symptoms of impaired hearing, high blood pressure, or hypothyroidism. If so, your doctor may be able to reduce your symptoms by treating the underlying cause. That's why we don't hallucinate right away! The responses to carbamazepine were divided into three categories: (1) no response (NR); (2) partial remission (PR) (marked or partial relief); and (3) complete remission (CR) (complete suppression of the tinnitus). The technique always results in a complete loss of hearing. If the fixes can work for them, then they can work for you too. The use of hearing aids in treating tinnitus is a good option. Hopefully, you will again be able to lead a healthy and peaceful life. What are the most reliable diagnostic signs? The medical records of 22 NVC-C patients were retrospectively reviewed. That's why we don't hallucinate right away! Can diet help improve depression symptoms? In short, the most consistent findings were the response to carbamazepine, followed by abnormal ipsilesional radiological findings. Morse Code From The Spirit Realm? Dr. Bernstein Joel answered ENT and Head and Neck Surgery 62 years experience Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Yeah, this is answered. As is also true of other neurovascular compression syndromes, several anecdotal reports on small numbers of patients have claimed that carbamazepine is effective in patients with typewriter tinnitus1, 9, 11, 12. Hearing aid devices just focus on this mechanism. AirPods Pro make subtle, fast clicking sound when "idling" I've seen other customers describe a similar problem where my AirPods Pro make a quiet, rapid click in a steady rhythm of about 3-4 times per second, sort of like turning the dial on a safe or morse code. Laryngoscope Jae-Jin Song. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Hear Res Difficulty concentrating. The beat or sound is often in synch with the patient's heartbeat. It could be endolymphatic shunt, cochlear implant, nerve section, or injecting ototoxic antibiotics. This is javascript only morse code listener. Do Weight Loss Subliminals Work? In conclusion, we suggest that meticulous history-taking in terms of subjective psychoacoustic characteristics, and the response to initial carbamazepine, are more reliable diagnostic clues than are radiological or neurophysiological findings in patients with typewriter tinnitus. Correspondence to If so, Afrin nasal spray at night may help. Vestibular function was considered abnormal when: (1) canal paresis (CP, %; calculated using Jongkees formula) was>25%20; or (2) when the VEMPs were reduced or absent on the affected side (oVEMP or cVEMP asymmetry ratio>40% or>33%, respectively21); or (3) when the slow harmonic acceleration (SHA) phase of the rotational chair test exhibited a reduced gain or an increased phase lead, in at least three consecutive frequencies of those tested (0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.16, 0.32, and 0.64Hz), using the manufacturer-provided normative data as references (Neuro Kinetics, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA, USA)22. Campbell, F. G., Graham, J. G. & Zilkha, K. J. Probably not Tinnitus, there's a cavity in the inner ear called Tympani and the clicking noise is a tiny muscle vibrating. Surg Neurol Such contact (without nerve angulation/indentation) was evident on seven (43.8%) symptomatic sides and six (42.9%) asymptomatic sides. Doctors suggest that fluttering in the ear is a type of tinnitus called MEM, which is caused by jerky movements of the muscles in the middle ear. I. Several terms have been coined to describe a group of audiovestibular symptoms including cochleovestibular nerve compression syndrome14 and cochleovestibular compression syndrome15. You can also try out noise-canceling headphones. During these sessions, the health care provider, along with the patient, creates a concrete plan. Donaldson, I. Tegretol: a double blind trial in tinnitus. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Tumors and injuries to the ear can also cause eustachian tube dysfunction. This is the normal function of this tube. 125, 7582 (1993). Is Morse Code Tapping Sound In Ear A Medical Condition? Data are presented as meansstandard deviations. Morse code tapping sound in ear is the most unpleasant thing a person can live with. When it happens, it can be painful and uncomfortable. (2022). The swelling causes excess pressure inside the ear. Morse code is a method of transmitting messages over long distances at very high speeds. Here may arise a question in your mind? We thus suggest a new diagnostic criteria for NVC-C that modifies previously suggested diagnostic criteria15 (Table2). Another treatment that comes in the same line is mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR). PLoS One To clarify: 1. However, as I mentioned earlier, tinnitus is not a disease but an outcome of an underlying condition. Then start increasing gradually reception and transmission speed. People exposed to constant negative ear pressure are prone to develop fluid in the middle ear. My heart rate resting is about 70-75. Song, J. J. et al. Fifty percent of asymptomatic sides exhibited neurovascular contact with or without angulation/indentation. Also, the American Tinnitus Association suggests some antidepressants and antianxiety drugs for improving this condition. Rather, doctors call this phenomenon acoustic misperception. 335, 155159, doi:10.1016/j.jns.2013.09.020 (2013). She sought out three opinions from doctors at major New York medical centers. Is the cochleovestibular nerve function affected in patients with hemifacial spasm? 19, 129136 (1968). To obtain Silent R. 3,638 148 4. The New England journal of medicine A detailed study of electro-nystagmography in 341 patients with vertigo. Learn more about the potential causes, other symptoms, and the treatment options available. Use of side effects. 27, 945950, doi:10.1097/01.mao.0000231593.03090.23 (2006). Gallelli, L. et al. For medical care, consult a medical professional. How Can I Stop Morse Code Tapping Sound in Ear? In total, 19 of the 22 patients (86.4%) had tinnitus histories<2 years, whereas the other 3 had tinnitus for>3 years. Thats when you experience tapping sounds in the ear. So, by using this, you can draw an end to those sleepless nights. Sunwoo, W., Jeon, Y., Bae, Y. et al. In one study, researchers evaluated the effect of thyroxin supplementation on Menieres disease symptoms in people with hypothyroidism, including: After 12 weeks of treatment, participants reported significant reductions in these symptoms. 102, 10201029, doi:10.1288/00005537-199209000-00012 (1992). Doctors suggest several methods to remove earwax. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show that meticulous history-taking and the response to initial carbamazepine are more reliable diagnostic clues than the previously suggested diagnostic criteria in many typewriter tinnitus patients. Detailed histories of tinnitus were obtained; the time of onset, the psychoacoustic nature of tinnitus, the affected side(s), and associated symptoms (e.g., paroxysmal vertigo or hemifacial spasms). 34, 18531863, doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.01.014 (2013). Nothing I can do will change the volume or tone of the morse code in my ear but it is lowering per week (slowly) we are talking maybe 10% volume per week. Inside my ear keeps making a light tapping of cartilage type of sound. Google Scholar. Output. People who once lived a horrific life due to this unwanted sound are now living peacefully. 29, 265267 (1966). In four patients with unilateral tinnitus, the MHL asymmetries between the two ears ranged from 1 to 8dB HL. (c) Arrow indicates the angulation/indentation of cochleovestibular nerve by AICA loop in type III. Along with modifying the negative behavior, it also responds to dysfunctional thoughts. Diagnostic approach to tinnitus. Monsell, E. M. New and revised reporting guidelines from the Committee on Hearing and Equilibrium. The eustachian tube connects the back of the nose to the middle ear. The presence of an accompanying neurovascular compression syndrome increases the possibility that NVC-C is the cause of tinnitus. Radiological studies have also sought to define characteristic MRI findings of typewriter tinnitus9, 12. In other words, radiological or neurophysiological abnormalities are of limited diagnostic utility. All you can do is find out a solution to reduce the intensity. Schwaber, M. K. & Hall, J. W. Cochleovestibular nerve compression syndrome. Headache Boghen, D. R. & Lesser, R. L. Blepharospasm and Hemifacial Spasm. Drugs that may reduce symptoms include nasal sprays or drops containing: When these interventions are not sufficient to reduce symptoms, however, a person may require surgery. Therefore, the typical psychoacoustic characteristics and the response to initial carbamazepine should be included in the diagnostic criteria. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol For example, Is there any positive change that occurs after taking the therapy? The following drugs may be associated with tinnitus: Further studies are needed to confirm whether or not these drugs can lead to hearing loss over time. Kondo, A. PubMed Central All rights reserved. It is also evidently effective in most patients with vestibular paroxysmia, even at low doses (200600mg/d)40. Although the exact reason that people develop Menieres disease is unclear, health professionals have identified some potential predisposing factors, including: Hypothyroidism occurs when the body produces insufficient amounts of thyroid hormone. Some people experience fluttering sounds in the ears that come and go, while others may hear a continuous sound. Changes in tinnitus after vestibular schwannoma surgery, Post-traumatic peripheral vestibular disorders (excluding positional vertigo) in workers following head injury, An Electroencephalography-based Database for studying the Effects of Acoustic Therapies for Tinnitus Treatment, Daily high-frequency transcranial random noise stimulation of bilateral temporal cortex in chronic tinnitus a pilot study, Blast-induced cochlear synaptopathy in chinchillas, Cortical and subcortical gray matter changes in patients with chronic tinnitus sustaining after vestibular schwannoma surgery, A large-scale diffusion imaging study of tinnitus and hearing loss, The progression of chronic tinnitus over the years, RTMS parameters in tinnitus trials: a systematic review, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. I'm a 43 year old male. We link primary sources including studies, scientific references, and statistics within each article and also list them in the resources section at the bottom of our articles. Repeat it at least 20 times and see the differences. I try to cover all the possible treatments to relieve you from this agony. Discussion in 'Success Stories' started by Lucy B, Mar 8, 2015. J Neurol Sci Surprisingly it does. Google Scholar. Diagnosing fluttering in the ear can be challenging for doctors, since guidelines for this do not yet exist. These are some of the common causes for which most people develop typewriter tinnitus. 40, 46-51, discussion 5142 (1997). Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Pre-Recorded Audio File File: Decoder Settings & Info. Prog Brain Res Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. If we talk about the white noise machine, it produces ocean or rain sound. In addition, no vascular structure other than the AICA loop contacted the cochleovestibular nerve. Although neurovascular compression of the cochlear nerve (NVC-C) presenting as typewriter tinnitus is a discrete disease category, verified diagnostic criteria are lacking. Laryngoscope Generate Morse code for text, numbers, or punctuations for using this Morse code generator. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 6, 29140, doi:10.1038/srep29140 (2016). These will depend on its cause. 220, 571584, doi:10.1007/s00429-013-0648-x (2015). As a consequence, it fails to open properly. They also featured top-grade technology to reduce the overall impact of tinnitus. CAS Six (37.5%) symptomatic sides and seven (50%) asymptomatic sides exhibited no neurovascular contact. About 3 weeks ago, my left ear started having a tapping/pulsating sensation. All methods employed in this study were in accordance with the approved guidelines and the Declaration of Helsinki. 9, 7782 (1969). Su, C. H., Chen, C. M. & Young, Y. H. Differentiating cerebellopontine angle meningioma from schwannoma using caloric testing and vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials.
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