The soil of BUK site was sandy loam of the pH 6.5, Organic matter content 7.9 g kg-1 The Sudan Savannah zone is found in the Northwest stretching from the Sokoto plains in the West, through the Northern sections of the Central highland. The vegetation in this region includes dense but short grass, acacia trees, and baobab trees. [3], Many large mammals are native to the Sudanian savanna, including African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana), northern giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis), giant eland (Taurotragus derbianus derbianus), roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus), African buffalo (Syncerus caffer brachyceros), lion (Panthera leo), leopard (Panthera pardus) cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), and African wild dog (Lycaon pictus). Five bird species are considered endemic, including two strict endemics, Reichenow's firefinch and Foxs weaver. These trees are classified into the top, middle and lower layers based on the level of the forest where they exist. West to East zonation patterns in Nigeria is characterized by the clear transition between one belt and another. Savannahs are characterized by grasslands with little or no forest. You can find guinea fowl, Snakes, deer, grasshoppers, and rats in the Guinea savanna. The people of the Sudan are predominantly black, and, though these people are primarily Bantu-speaking, there is also a considerable admixture of Arabic- and Berber-speaking peoples, the degree of their influence decreasing westward and southward toward the Gulf of Guinea. Poaching of wildlife, for example elephants, is particularly pronounced in politically unstable areas such as South Sudan. The Savannah is the second biggest type of vegetation found in Nigeria. Corrections? The Montane vegetation zone is a type of vegetation that grows in high mountainous regions. Bauchi is situated in northeastern Nigeria in the Sudan (dry . This is a semiarid region that extends from Senegal eastward to Sudan. Soil phosphorus and phosphate fixation. Constant cutting and burning out of crop plots led to a drastic reduction in the area of forests that now occupy about one-third of the territory. The Sahel, a belt of drier grasslands and acacia savannas, lies to the north, between the Sudanian savanna and the Sahara Desert. . Bauchi is situated in northeastern Nigeria in the Sudan (dry) Savanna, a belt of vegetation that extends from Senegal to Sudan (Hepburn and Radloff, 1998). Vegetation Zones In Nigeria And Their Characteristics, What Countries have Temperate Climates? We use cookies and similar technologies to ensure our website works properly, personalize your browsing experience, analyze how you use our website, and deliver relevant ads to you. It is always recommended to visit an institution's official website for more information. The montane vegetation area in Nigeria is a region where mountainous forests are quite prevalent. Dominant grasses include tall species of Hyparrhenia, Cymbopogon, Echinochloa, Sorghum, and Pennisetum. & Omoigui, L. (2006). Due Date Based On Implantation Bleeding, The eastern giant eland still survives in good numbers in the Central African Republic, especially in the western regions of the country, out of reach from Sudanese poachers. Here is a look at the different Nigerian vegetation zones and their characteristics. Between the rain forest and the Guinea Savanna is a modified vegetation transition consisting of light deciduous forest and derive d savanna (Figure 2.2). Farm of the Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, in the Sudan Savanna ecological zone of Nigeria (latitude 1301'N; longitude 515'E, altitude of 350 m above sea level) to study the effect of water stress, sowing date and cultivar on yield and yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum . Soil phosphorus and phosphate fixation. Sudan Savanna In Nigeria, vegetation-type known as derived savanna. The biggest trees amongst them are more than 6, Covering the North-West and almost the entire North of Nigeria and the borders of Niger Republic is the Sudan Savannah. That explains why as you travel around the country, you will see that the vegetations are not the same. Dark orchid represents Sahel savanna, Yellow represents Sudan savanna, Royal blue represents Guinea savanna, Pink represents Forest. The white acacia tree leaves on the other hand always serve as feed for ruminant animals. The Sudan savanna is home to grazing animals. The Sahel savannah has the most severe vegetation in the country since it is mostly desert. These plants are usually determined by the environmental conditions and climate of the area in question. Freshwater swamp forests areas are easily distinguished by their intense vegetation and network of lagoons and creeks. On average, this zone has about 1000-1400 mm of precipitation yearly. 1. Later there was invasion from Egypt and, in 1899, the establishment of the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium. It is recognizable by the tall elephant grass where many large mammals are found. What are the 10 economic problems that Nigeria is facing. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); TYPES OF VEGETATION IN NIGERIA AND ZONES (2023), The tropical evergreen forests are home to a great number of tree species. The trees here grow up to a height of about 15m. The raffia palm is a common feature of this vegetation type but in areas where the drainage system is better, bigger trees like Oil palm and iroko can be found. and Azeez, I.O. Once, a significant part of the territory was covered with dense tropical rainforests. Movement across the grasslands is generally uninterrupted, especially during the dry season, and the continuity of a similar environment along the southern boundaries of the Sahara for vast distances has encouraged people to move from the north and east from early times. The top layer of trees consists of a great number of plants that grow higher than 30 meters. And then the dry season lasts more than six to seven months. Areas which are stabilized and are non-salt marsh are suitable for rice cultivation. 4. In Nigeria, the main economic activities in this zone include cattle and sheep rearing as well as come crop farming. They include: In most parts of the country, there are a lot of rainforests. Bioregion: Lake Turkana-Sudd Grasslands, Bushlands & Forests (AT21), States: Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, Central African Republic, Sudan, South Sudan, Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Eritrea. There are three major savannahs in Nigeria. The western block stretches from the Nigeria/Cameroon border through Chad and the Central African Republic to western Sudan. The Guinea savanna in Nigeria is known to be home to farmers of rice. Therefore, a study was conducted in the wet season of 2006 at the Dry Land Teaching and Research Farm of Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto to evaluate the effect of phosphorus on the growth and yield of two cowpea varieties sourced from Republic of Niger. Harbor Light Specials, Phosphorus was applied at rate of 0 or 20 kg P ha 1. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. This is because the region is perfect for animal husbandry and farming. The black rhinoceros will be re-introduced in Chad after being extirpated from this ecoregion decades ago along with the northern white rhino. We feature fascinating species, inspiring climate heroes, and impactful projects from around the world led by individuals and community organizations who are making the vision of a green, resilient future a reality. There is almost no green vegetation there. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. A typical example of the freshwater swamp forest is seen in the Niger Delta area of the country. The rainfall might be adequate for cultivation were it not for the very high rate of evaporation, which makes irrigation essential in many areas. A Repository of Agricultural Research Outputs, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.02.013, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Canadian International Development Agency, Registration of Strigaresistant and Droughttolerant tropical early maize populations TZEW Pop DT STR C4 and TZEY Pop DT STR C4, Analyses of soil physico chemical properties determining Striga hermonthica infestations and grain yield of maize (Zea mays L.) in nigerian Guinea and Sudan savannas. Savanna or Sudan climate is a transitional type of climate found between the equatorial forests & trade wind hot deserts. Herds of sheep, cattle, and goats can be found here grazing on vast pastures. The juice of the wine palm is used to produce wine. These are the Mangrove Swamp, Rainforest, Derived savanna, Guinea savanna, Sudan savanna and Sahel savanna zones. The ecoregion is flat, mainly lying between 200 m and 1,000 m in altitude. Nigeria has six vegetation zones, each with unique definitive characteristics. A, PROBLEMS OF MINERAL EXPLOITATION IN NIGERIA AND SOLUTIONS, PROBLEMS OF AIR TRANSPORTATION IN NIGERIA AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS, ETHNIC CONFLICT IN NIGERIA: CAUSES AND SOLUTION, 10 MAJOR CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN NIGERIA AND SOLUTIONS. African wild dog. Mali in turn was overthrown during the latter part of the 15th century by the expansion of the Songhai, or Gao, empire, which developed from Berber settlements established on the lower Niger as early as the 7th century. The trees in the Guinea savanna are also deciduous with obvious hard barks. You can also find grasses like pennisetum, andropogan, and hypomania. Precipitation here is between 500-1000 mm per annum with a period of dryness lasting between 6-7 calendar months per year. Much of the montane region is covered by rainforests. The mangrove swamp forest region occupies much of Nigeria's southern coast. Various mangrove vegetation in Nigeria is sustained due to the condition of the Saline Water. "Please don't do this": Private sector begs Buhari as FG announces new taxes. Click See First under the Following tab to see Legit.ng News on your Facebook News Feed! Reasons why you shouldn't go to study in Canada, Fidelity Bank USSD Transfer Code (everything you need to know). Mangroves are a type of forest vegetation usually seen before the Atlantic Ocean. The Guinea savanna is a type of savanna that consists of tall grasses. The grass in the wild areas of this zone is quite tall, often exceeding five feet. The gently sloping areas of this region are perfect for cash crops since the area receives sufficient rainfall throughout the year. Nigeria has trees on its coastal South where rainfall is higher, usually above 1600mm per annum. Parasitism of crop plants by Striga species is a major constraint in the savanna zones of West Africa. 2013. Field trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of rates of Phosphorus fertilizer and intra-row spacings on growth and yield of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) in the Sudan Savana zone of Nigeria, during 2018 cropping season at Mohammet Treatments and experimental design The treatments consisted of three seed rates at (3, 6, 9 kg ha-1), two sowing methods (broadcasting, dibbling) and three poultry manure rates at [0, 2.5, 5.0 t ha-1, NPK (90 kg N + 60 kg P 2O5 + Results of field experiments to measure the influence of shelterbelts on wind velocity, air temperature, soil temperature, soil moisture and yield of millet in a semi-arid environ- ment are presented. Due to the extremely poor amount of rainfall this area receives yearly, with the rainy season lasting only 3 to 4 months, only tough plants can survive here. This vegetation zone can be likened to the storehouse of biological diversity that serves as a suitable habitat for plants and some rare, endangered animals. In this article, the types of savanna in Nigeria would be discussed extensively. The states of Jigawa, Kano, Katsina, Zamfara, Sokoto, and Kebbi are found in this zone. Here, rainfall decreases between 5001000 mm per year. Keywords Forest Reserve Arid Zone Indigenous Species Azadirachta Indica Farm Tree Savanna or Sudan climate is a transitional type of climate found between the equatorial forests & trade wind hot deserts. This is the largest vegetation zone in Nigeria, covering almost half of the country's landmass. From Arab historians something is known of some of the powerful states that were established by military rule, the largest and most enduring of which were associated in the western Sudan with the termini of the desert trade routes. MetaTrader 5 is it really the best terminal for traders working on the Forex market. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 116(3-4), 251-254. Nigeria currently has two broad belts of vegetation. Abnormal haemoglobins in the Sudan savanna of Nigeria. Sudan Savanna Sudan Savanna Source: Nigeria First National Biodiversity Report (2001). Organizing and providing relevant educational content, resources and information for students. Herds of elephants roam these savannas in Chad, Central African Republic and Cameroon. A section of Taraba State is in this region. In the Niger Delta part of the country, fishing is very common. This type of vegetation is dependent on the coastal location of the zone. 2. (2003). The freshwater is supplied by inland rivers and rainfalls. Their leaves are also shed during the rainy season and blossom during the dry season. The Guinea Savannah features a large mixture of trees and grass. Nigeria is situated in the area where the climate is usually the training period and dry season. One of the main vegetation zones in Nigeria is the freshwater swamp forest. The states of Edo, Lagos and Cross River are partly in this ecological region. Annual rainfall here is 1000-1400 mm on the average. Top 8. Areas covered by this vegetation type receive little rainfall to support plant growth. Physiography divides this province into three distinct physiographic sections, the Niger Basin, the Lake Chad Basin, and the Middle Nile Basin. Still, further to the north, the forests are becoming sparser, and at last the expanses of the savanna open. But before we do that, lets first understand what vegetation means. INTRODUCTION. The trees are usually tall and in the middle layer of this vegetation the tree has branches and has an average height of 30m. These trees include isoberlina, dum palm, oil palm, mitragyna, and shea butter, among others. Normally, there are periodic droughts and food shortages in the Sahel savanna due to a lack of adequate rainfall in the region. Register or login to make commenting easier. Vegetation usually depends on the climate zones of the country. Blazin' Fiddles North, This zone is characterized by a short rainy season and a long, intensely dry season. Rainfall is heavy during the rainy season while almost no rain is experienced during the dry season. As mentioned in the previous lesson, Nigeria is a state of forests and savannas. In the Sahel savanna, animals like antelope, Buffalo, elephants, bush cows, and others can be found. Vegetation belts in Nigeria reflect the tight link between the vegetation and the countrys climate: Below there is the map of Nigeria showing vegetation belts. May to October with an estimated total production of 8.5 million tones (12). Characteristics of Sudan savanna It has short numerous grasses Presence of scattered and short deciduous trees Some trees have thorns while others have thick barks Plant species include acacia, date palm, silk cotton plants, baobab Sudan Savannah Covering the North-West and almost the entire North of Nigeria and the borders of Niger Republic is the Sudan Savannah. PAY ATTENTION: Subscribe to Digital Talk newsletter to receive must-know business stories and succeed BIG! It is confined within the tropics (Tropic of Cancer & Tropic of Capricorn) & is best developed in Sudan, where dry & wet climate are most distinct, hence Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) Generally, natural conditions of the Sudanese savanna are favorable for the progress of agriculture and animal farming. The protection goal is the Global Safety Net (GSN1) area for the given ecoregion. Adistinctive appearance of the landscape is produced by the different types of acacia with an umbellate crown and thorny bushes. Also, because this vegetation zone is characterized by fresh water, it makes the zone suitable for fishing. Due Date Based On Implantation Bleeding, Your email address will not be published. Another important thing the savanna does for us is that the savanna provides wood used for construction. They do not only provide food for animals, but they also provide food for humans. During the dry season the trees shed their leaves, all but the largest rivers run dry, and brush fires that burn up the grass are common. Adamawa and Plateau states are the two states in Nigeria where this vegetation type exist. Sudan, the vast tract of open savanna plains extending across Africa between the southern limits of the Sahara (desert) and the northern limits of the equatorial rain forests. Farms And Ranches For Sale Near To Bryan, Tx, The annual rainfall is as high as 1,000 mm in the south, but declines to the north with only 600 mm found on the border with the Sahelian Acacia Savanna. It has many different kinds of vegetation and animals. Nigeria - a large area including the cities of Ibadan, which means where the forest meets the savanna, the country's capital Abuja, Lokoja where the River Niger and River Benue meet, Enugu, and Makurdi. We have written on different types of vegetation in Nigeria and some common trees and other related plants and Animal you can find in this region. The solid stemmed bamboo Oxytenanthera abyssinica is prominent in the western river valleys of Ethiopia. The acacia trees always have thorny bushes with an umbrella look. Liana is usually a woody vine, long-stem that are usually well rooted in the soils and make use of other trees close or in surroundings to reach a very high position in order to access sunlight in the forest area. The states of Borno and Yobe are in this vegetation zone. Spatial patterns of climatic variability and water budget over Sudan Savannah Region of Nigeria. We may share your site usage data with our social media, advertising, and analytics partners for these reasons. During the hottest part of the dry season, the fire occurs burning the dry grasses and thus preparing the land for the plants that would be planted. A distinctive appearance of the landscape is given by different types of acacia with an umbellate crown and thorny bushes. The dominant species found here are climbing plants. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Here, the second and third tiers of trees are closely scattered with epiphytes and then intertwined with lianas that reach for the sun. The corresponding term for plants is flora. The states of Akwa-Ibom, Rivers, and Delta are partly in this region. Image credit: Fatayaka, Creaitve Commons. These are the so-called dry tropical forests. There are many birds of prey, especially black African kites, there is also a bird-secretary, vultures, hawks, a rhinoceros bird. Some of these vegetations such as the Sudan Savannah are very important to herders who rely on grass for the survival of their animals. This area is characterized by sand, mud, and silt materials. The baobabs are very common, and its difficult to imagine the Sudan savanna without them. Relative humidity is lower here, and soils are drier. The three zones are considered to be of high potential for growing soybean [6]. The level of infestation was 60% in southern Guinea, 68% in Sudan and 74% in northern Guinea savanna. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Giraffe. Top 8, 3 Reasons Why You Should Be Camping More Often, What to Expect from IB Past Papers: An Overview of Format and Content, What to invest in and what are the advantages of cryptocurrency. There are always observable features to differentiate these four climates. You can find the Sudan savanna in the northern part of the Guinea savanna. These zones are further subdivided into three each, for a total of six vegetation zones. These two broad belts of vegetation are however broken down into smaller belts. Almost all rainfall occurs in a single rainy season from April to October, during which time large areas of southern Chad and northern parts of the Central African Republic become inundated and inaccessible. Some of them have twisted trunks from fires that happen yearly. The area is generally covered by grasses but the slopes are covered by forests. Want to learn more about the fascinating species, diverse ecosystems, and natural wonders of the Earth? In summary, we use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. The flagship species of the East Sudanian Savanna ecoregion is the giant eland. It is distinguished from the Sudan savanna because it has more trees whereas the Sudan few trees. However, as the ecoregion is vast, plant endemism per unit area is low. Lets look at the various vegetation zones below: High-mountainous multi-tiered tropical forests have been preserved mainly along the right bank of the lower reaches of the River Niger and in the valley of the River Cross. This distinguishing feature makes it a perfect choice for rich crops and even small grains. These zones are defined by the prevalent climatic conditions in the areas they occupy, with each being suitable for different economic activities. In the middle of this season, a smoke screen rises over the savanna: the dry grass burns, which is burned from year to year with the purpose of preparing the land for crops. The trees of this vegetation grow to a great height and provide cover for both large animals and humans to take cover. The eastern block is found in eastern Sudan, Eritrea, and the low-lying parts of western Ethiopia, and also extends through South Sudan, into north-western Uganda, and marginally into the Democratic Republic of Congo around Lake Albert. This broad classification of vegetation can be further subdivided into smaller units based on variations in their nature and the amount of rainfall received which reduces as one moves further upwards towards the north from the coastal areas. Sudan Savanna In Nigeria, You can also find farmers and nomadic farmers who rear livestock such as goats, sheep, and cattle. . This vegetation type covers Nigerian states such as Kaduna state, Oyo state, Enugu state, Anambra state, Edo state,and Ondo state. the largest found in the rainforest is luxuriant. Precipitation pe year here is 1000-1400 mm on the average. The Sahel belt of drier acacia savanna lies to the north, and beyond that is the Sahara Desert. IITA is the lead research partner facilitating agricultural solutions for hunger and poverty in the tropics. It is not unusual to see animals feeding on the expanse of land. The country has six distinct agro-ecological zones transiting in south-north direction from the Atlantic coast to the arid savanna of Sahel. It includes tropical forests in high mountains and multi-tiered tropical rainforests that are reserved. The Jos plateau, one of the highest points in Nigeria, is located in this zone. Also, some parts of this vegetation zone are covered with low, dense grass. There are approximately 2,750 species of higher plants within the entire Sudanian regional centre of endemism, and roughly one-third are most likely endemic to this ecoregion. They are also multi-tiered, but less dense, the underbrush is difficult to access. This vegetation type is found in the middle of the country. The vegetation belt in Nigeria is divided into two: the forest and savannah ecological zones. Typical trees in the western block of the ecoregion include Anogeissus leiocarpus, Kigelia aethiopica, Vachellia seyal, and species of Combretum and Terminalia. Register or login to receive notifications when there's a reply to your comment or update on this information. Status of pH, Available Sulphur, Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen on Some Small Holders Farms in the Sudan Savanna of Nigeria November 1, 2020 Posted by: RSIS The dried seeds of cowpea provide an inexpensive source of protein in The annual rainfall is as high as 1,000 mm in the south, but declines to the north with only 600 mm found on the border with the Sahelian Acacia Savanna. Sudan, the vast tract of open savanna plains extending across Africa between the southern limits of the Sahara (desert) and the northern limits of the equatorial rain forests. North of the zone of the Guinea savanna the amount of precipitation decreases to 500-1000 mm and the dry period lasts more than six-seven months, and a zone of Sudanese savanna with a dense but low grass cover is located. The places, which were stabilized and are non-salt-marsh are suitable for growing of rice. The independent Republic of the Sudan was created in 1956. Click the button below to launch One Earth's interactive navigator and discover your Bioregion! Late-round Rookie Dynasty Sleepers 2021, The habitats of the ecoregion are principally threatened by seasonal "shifting" cultivation, over-grazing by livestock, cutting trees and bushes for wood, burning woody material for charcoal, and uncontrolled wild fires. Relative to the dryness of the climate, there is no tsetse fly here. [4], The Sudanian savanna is used by both pastoralists and farmers. And here there are various types of acacia, which give the landscape a unique appearance. Palm wine, a locally enjoyed drink is derived from the juice of the wine palm. Some of these trees have their trunks twisted as a result of annual fires. Livestock raising is a major economic activity, and considerable numbers of people are still (though decreasingly) nomadic or seminomadic, moving with their herds in search of pasturage. The Mangrove vegetation region is an ecological belt found in the Nigerian areas bordering the Atlantic Ocean. About 200 years ago, it was possible to meet here herds of rhinoceroses, giraffes, elephants and many others, now their number has sharply decreased. Sahel Savanna This savanna is known for its desert vegetation. The different vegetation zones in Nigeria is as a result of the various climatic conditions across the country. Farmers ranked Striga as a leading constraint during a livelihood analysis of 30 communities in northeast Nigeria. The main crops grown are sorghum and millet which are suited to the low levels of rainfall. 2 which is approximately 9.1% of the932, 768 km 2 total area of Nigeria. Such giants with powerful tree-shaped roots, diverging from the base of the trunk, are not afraid of the elemental forces of nature. There are many vegetation zones in Nigeria, but we will look at the major vegetation zones, as seen in many parts of the country. The vegetation in this zone largely depends on the coastal location of the region. This vegetation zone can be seen from the Niger-Benin Republic border. READ ALSO: What are the 10 economic problems that Nigeria is facing? The northern reaches of the Sudan comprise the semiarid region known as the Sahel. It is difficult to imagine the Sudanese savanna without baobabs. This method is not only labour intensive, expensive and strenuous, but can also cause mechanical damage to growing branches and roots of plants. For the purposes of this article, the Arid Zone of Northern Nigeria, North Gameroons and the Sudan may be broadly delimited as those parts of these countries lying between the latitudes 12 to 16 N and the longitudes 5 to 35 E (Fig. Nigeria with about 180,000,000 people used to be blessed with abundant forest resources but presently contributing about 2.5% to the Gross Domestic Products. The savanna, especially Guinea and Sudan, are the major grains, grasses, tubers, vegetable and cotton growing regions. The vegetation of Nigeria is diverse, in the far north and east, where there is almost no rain, the so-called Sahel (deserted) extends. Vegetation belts show the clear connection between climate and plants. Nigeria is the continent's leading consumer and a major importer of rice ( FAO, 2017 ). They inhabit the forest patches of the Guinean Forest-Savanna ecoregion, which are scattered across the vast savanna plain found in between the humid forests of the Guinea-Congolian region and the dry savannas of the West Sudanian region. Ancient Ghana was created by Jewish or Berber settlers about 300 ce in the area west of Timbuktu (Tombouctou) in modern Mali, though its greatest years came when it was ruled by the black Soninke (Sarakol) dynasty.
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