AP automation and global payments software: Using Accounts Payable automation software improves supplier relationships for all types of businesses, whether they operate online as eCommerce businesses or use their physical presence to interface with buyers. An increasing number of suppliers weakens the bargaining power of suppliers. To start, Michael Porters Five Forces Analysis tool is a way of looking at the challenges a business has to address by grouping them into five buckets: Suppliers, Buyers, Competitors, the Threat of Substitution, and the Threat of New Entry. Send your data or let us do the research. This is often associated with your product and services. The bargaining power of buyers, used in conjunction with the other forces (threat of new entrants, rivalry among existing competitors, bargaining power of suppliers, and threat of substitute products or services), provides an external analysis of an industry and allows companies to: Determine threats and opportunities in the industry If the producer sells a typical or undifferentiated product, then theyll usually have the potential threat of a buyer switching producers. The products are differentiated, high switching costs exist, and product demand is high compared to supply, in industries with price sensitivity. Transform the wayyour finance team works. More alternatives mean more bargaining power while few alternatives give buyers less power. Bpsm bargaining power of buyers Aug. 08, 2012 4 likes 19,773 views Download Now Download to read offline Education Business Business policy and strategy management.. Aman Sud Follow Analyst at Crisil Pvt Ltd. Advertisement Recommended Michel Porter's five forces model Debasis Behera 3.9k views 26 slides 6 m porter's 5 forces competitive model Buyers could switch suppliers where industry competition exists. Exercise 1: Creating a Five Forces Industry Model. Buyers' bargaining power rounds out the external forces that pose the most serious threats to EA. This will be helpful in two ways. In a B2B scenario, you will hit a sweet spot if your products stand out of the box for the quality or performance of buyers final products and services. But the consumers shift to company B and therefore the sales of company A thus falls. We've paired this article with a comprehensive guide to accounts payable. This will be helpful in two ways. Bargaining power of suppliers can be termed as the capacity of control and competitive advantage a supplier may have over rivals or competitors. The smaller and more powerful the customer base is of Educational Development Corporation the higher the bargaining power of the customers and higher their ability to seek increasing discounts and offers. The remaining forces (bargaining power of buyers, rivalry among existing competitors, the threat of new entrants, and the threat of substitutes) must be taken into consideration when determining overall industry attractiveness. The availability of substitute products will limit your ability to boost prices. The seller in the new homes market is the residential construction company (builder). The customers have tons of power when there arent many of them and when the purchasers have many alternatives to shop for from. Also, I have written this article that will cover the main aspects with examples of what is bargaining power, how to mitigate buying power of buyers, where it stands in porters five forces model when it is high or low. Collaborating with competitors to increase the market size rather than just competing for small market. Porter's Five Forces Model. Recommendations. Some airline companies try and vary this with frequent flyer programs aimed toward rewarding customers that come to them from time to time. One factor that would play an important role in India is popular opinion, which exerts a substantial influence on the government. Domestically you also may be feeling competitive pressure. He applied that model to the emerging Indian business environment in comparison with more developed markets. A weak bargaining power puts consumers at the mercy of a particular business. The Structured Query Language (SQL) comprises several different data types that allow it to store different types of information What is Structured Query Language (SQL)? Bargaining leverage refers to the number of buyers in an industry and how frequently they purchase a product or service. The buyer is unable to get similar products/services from other suppliers. So, strong buyers can pressure sellers to lower prices, improve product quality, and offer more and better services. or when entering a new industry sector. Educators have globalized the student pool in the past decade, and while the influx of foreign students and their beautiful, beautiful full-tuition-plus-fees contributions have lifted the bottom line, there are clouds on that horizon: cuts in Saudi and Brazilian scholarship support caused applications from those nations to plunge, and the softening of the Chinese economy, the increase in domestic institutions, and political antipathy toward the west are showing up in lower Chinese application statistics. It is one of the forces in Porter's Five Forces Industry Analysis Framework. Consumers can be selective about where they spend . Presence of Substitute Products: Similar to alternative products, substitute products give consumers more options that allow them to exert pressure on a particular business. Whatever their collective strength, the company strategists goal is to seek out an edge within the industry where his or her company can best defend itself against these forces. Note that there are different ways to mitigate the impacts of this bargaining power. Meanwhile the NCES predicts a rise in the overall number of students of only 16.8% between 2016 and 2025. Competitive pressure from these suppliers is strong when they can exercise sufficient bargaining power to influence the terms and conditions of exchange in their favor. Yet it is easy to view competition too narrowly pessimistically. Bargaining power of suppliers. Buyers may ask for seller incentive concessions like paying for points on the buyers loan and offering an allowance for repairs. There are different factors that influence the bargaining power of buyers, especially the level at which customers can exert pressure on businesses and the industry or whether their buyer power is strong or weak. The Bargaining Power of Buyers, one of the forces in Porters Five Forces Industry Analysis framework, refers to the pressure that customers/consumers can put on businesses to get them to provide higher quality products, better customer service, and/or lower prices. All most all the companies in the Publishing - Books industry buy their raw material from numerous suppliers. By increasing the switching cost for the customers. The bargaining Power of Buyers. The other forces identified by Michael E. Porter are the threat of new entrants, the threat of substitutes, the bargaining power of suppliers, and the intensity of competitive rivalry. Course 1 of 5 in the Business Strategy Specialization. The switching costs of the buyer are low. 2021 All Rights Reserved, Bargaining Power of Buyers: Impacts, Factors, and Examples, Summary: Timeline of the Fall of Elizabeth Holmes and Theranos, Promotion Strategy of Apple: Key Promotional Activities, Distribution Strategy of Apple: Channels and Components. List of Excel Shortcuts Powerful suppliers in Services sector use their negotiating power to extract higher prices from the firms in Publishing - Books field. Using the Five Forces framework, investors can determine the most viable . End-to-end, invoice-based payments designed for growing companies, Control and visibility over corporate spend, Scalable payment solutions for creator, ad tech, sharing and marketplaces economy, Manage and reconcile spend, gain visibility, and receive cash-back, A modern, holistic, powerful payables solution that scales with your changing business needs, The Relative Bargaining Power of Buyers is Most Likely Low When, The Relative Bargaining Power of Buyers is Most Likely High When, Strategies to Reduce the Buyer Bargaining Power of Customers, Automation + Customer Relationship Management, Customer Relationship Management Software, Purchase Order, Procurement, AP Automation and Payments, AP Automation and Global Payments Software, Key things CEOs, CFOs, and controllers should know about AP automation, how CFOs are transforming into business strategists. The fewer there are, the more power they need. The following quote from Harvard Business Schools Institute for Strategy & Competitiveness description of The Five Forces indicates it may be a zero-sum game: The Five Forces is a framework for understanding the competitive forces at work in an industry, and which drive the way economic value is divided among industry actors., Although the marketplace industry continues to shift with evolving demands, one critical aspect remainsthe need to compensate for an increasingly global stream of service providers and suppliers. If the number of suppliers in one area is limited or if restaurants significantly outnumbers suppliers, it will often result in powerful suppliers, which means that the . Bargaining Power of Suppliers. Bring scale and efficiency to your business with fully-automated, end-to-end payables. This is often because the customers are going to be ready to find an alternative with minimum hassle and inconvenience. Barbara is currently a financial writer working with successful B2B businesses, including SaaS companies. The Number Of Suppliers Relative To Buyers. New products will also reduce the defection of existing customers of Educational Development Corporation to its competitors. Starting just $19. Both scenarios result in lower profits for producers. They compete for a limited supply of houses with other sellers, including those willing to make all-cash offers to win the deal. By understanding the Porter Five Forces in great detail Educational Development Corporation 's managers can shape those forces in their favor. So you think, great, Ill go talk to development about funding a new science building. offered downstream customers differentiated products as those Buyers discovered new solutions and opened up new markets. Most smartphones run on the Android operating system. Bargaining Power Of Buyers Page 1 of 53 Results October 2022 Exercise Shanty Real Estate: Confidential Information for Homebuyer 1 By: Michael Luca, Jesse M. Shapiro and Nathan Sun Shanty is a simulation in which students inhabit the role of either a traditional home buyer or an iBuyer, both bidding on the same condo. However, with significant entities invested in the industry such as Tesla buyers may find it hard to opt for inferior models that may not mirror the technological and efficiency (Leitman, 2009). Bargaining power is a measure of the capacity of one party to influence another. Strong bargaining power gives supplies the chance to negotiate favorable production, delivery, and payment terms to their advantage. Perhaps the strongest of the five forces impacting industry competition is the bargaining power of buyers since the biggest driver of digital business comes from . By experimenting with product designs using different materials so that if the prices go up of one raw material then company can shift to another. They can get similar products/services from other suppliers. Another leverage for a buyer is the amount of business they provide to a producer. There are four major factors to consider when determining the bargaining power of buyers: The bargaining power of buyers, used in conjunction with the other forces (threat of new entrants, rivalry among existing competitors, bargaining power of suppliers, and threat of substitute products or services), provides an external analysis of an industry and allows companies to: Buyer power is important in an external analysis of an industry, as it provides an understanding of the profit potential in an industry. The bargaining power of buyers is another element in porter's five forces. The airline industry typically has a large number of buyers - the Indian Airline Industry had 73.8 million passengers in 2009. Amazing Business Data Maps. Threat of Entry: Threat of new entry into the for-profit university market is low. The relative bargaining power of buyers from Porters 5 forces industry analysis is most likely low where very few suppliers exist for a product or service. The massive population of buyers makes it difficult for them to impose significant pressure on retail firms. By building a sustainable differentiation, By building scale so that it can compete better. The analysis highlighted many issues affecting competition in emerging economies and compared them to people who are more prevalent in additional developed markets. Physical plant demands reduce your salary budget, weakening your ability to attract and keep top teaching talent. Thats ratcheting up the market for credentials acquired for a job switch or upgrade. While there are countries that are behind technologically, a majority of locations in the world have access to computers and the internet etc. In a sellers market, the bargaining power of typical buyers is weak. This competition does take toll on the overall long term profitability of the organization. A detailed report on the elearning transformation from the finance experts. By rapidly innovating new products. Customers nowadays are likely to fly with different carriers to and from their destination if that might lower the prices. The framework for the Five Forces Analysis includes these competitive forces: It determines the degree of competition among existing firms. The idea is that the bargaining power of buyers in an industry affects the competitive environment for the seller and influences the seller's ability to achieve profitability. Without them that average is $71,123 $14,000 cheaper than STEM per position!). A firm's profits are directly proportional to consumer behavior. Angela Cason (646) 369-2529 Threat of New Entrants. Here, you ask yourself how easy its for buyers to drive your prices down. Bargaining power of buyer refers to the ability of individual customer to negotiate prices that extract profit from the seller. Walmart has made huge investments in India but has to seek out ways around stringent regulations that prevent it from doing things as basic as putting its name on stores. In this case, the bargaining power of Extrax over Bolt can be understood as follows: 1. Unique Selling Points of Products: Products with a high differentiation compared with alternatives or substitutes lower the bargaining power of consumers. It may reduce the threat of new entrants to the industry when entry barriers are high and increase the threat of substitute products or services. The Bargaining Power of Suppliers, one of the forces in Porter's Five Forces Industry Analysis Framework, is the mirror image of the bargaining power of buyers and refers to the pressure that suppliers can put on companies by raising their prices, lowering their quality, or reducing the availability of their products. The entire online procurement process from requirements, strategic sourcing, competitive bids, vetting, negotiating, contracting, and supplier review can be automated. The offered products are differentiated. How many buyers are there, and how big are their orders? Take note of the following: Availability of Options or Alternatives: One of the factors influencing the bargaining power of buyers is the availability of alternative products. The four-year degree is now interspersed with gap years, 2-year programs, online courses, summer courses, and life experience. A detailed report on the elearning transformation from the finance experts. Customers are more interested in taking the health insurance and pay the price for it as they may not be able to afford any . They may offer cash to the sellers or have adequate bank financing lined up. It explains driving factors, gives an example and strategies, and provides insight on tools to decrease your companys workload for dealing with the bargaining power of buyers. In a buyers market, the bargaining power of buyers is strong. (professor of competitiveness and strategy at Harvard University). In the Health care sector in USA, buyers hold a weak bargaining power or in other words, customers hold a weaker position. This type of industry structure offers the worst prospect for long-run profitability. BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS When a strong group of buyers is present in the market, it can significantly impact a company's product and selling decisions. Further, the two approaches are evaluated and a hybrid approach proposed. Bargaining power of buyers The buyer's power within the wine industry varies between different places in the world. All of those things represent costs to the vendor. 4.8 (2,745 ratings) |. So thats how it works. It is also an essential and core concept of Porter's five forces to understand the industry and its competitors. How much does it cost them to change from your services and products to those of a rival? It may force companies to raise prices. Buy Professional PPT templates to impress your boss. Day to day crisis management gives you little time to think about the big picture and when you do, focusing the conversation on workable solutions usually entails negotiations across departments and lines of authority. While youre there, talk to them about tacking on an endowment to support new facilities long term not just through the building phase. 2. For example, if youre thinking of shifting to an emphasis on STEM courses to meet the growing demand, prepare for an increase in salary costs. An example would be the smartphone market. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics National Compensation Survey, the average post-secondary STEM teaching salary is $85,827, while the average humanities salary will run a relatively cheap $78,134 (Law professors account for the bump up to $78,000. If switching costs are low for a buyer, then any dissatisfaction with a producer or a product will cause a loss of business. For this supplier power example, there's only one supplier, which means that the bargaining power of Extrax is as close to maximum as possible in an industry. Commercial consumers like B2B buyers often have more bargaining leverage than retail consumers. That spells more schools competing for fewer students, more schools in consideration, thanks to the Common App, and more students shopping for value. Bargaining power of buyers or customers: Strong force Bargaining power of suppliers: Weak force Threat of substitutes or substitution: Weak force Threat of new entrants or new entry: Moderate force Considering the five forces, Apple must focus its attention on competitive rivalry and the bargaining power of buyers. The buyer's bargaining power is determined by the number of buyers. These five forces explain why profitability in certain industries is higher than in others. Bargaining Power of Buyers. This is one of the most feared factors in Porter's Five Forces model and one that must be well thought-out as part of your business strategy. The bargaining power of buyers Analysis Within the analysis of the UK Supermarket Industry the 'buyers' in Porters five forces are the customers. An Imprint of Esploro Company. We aim to empower our readership by delivering concise informative content. Prices are higher, and buyer profitability is lower, increasing a suppliers profit potential. Businesses use automation software tools, including customer relationship management, to manage contacts and business processes, improve customers experience, and increase efficiency, saving time and reducing costs. Buyers may be unable to substitute comparable products. For example services like Dropbox and Google Drive are substitute to storage hardware drives. If not, use this contribution margin pricing analysis as bargaining power to get a higher price from the potential customer during negotiations. The bargaining power of the supplier in an industry affects the competitive environment and profit potential of the buyers. Remember that the threat of substitutes is one of the Five Forces identified by Porter. AP automation software saves time and money and reduces financial risk. It will reduce the bargaining power of the buyers plus it will provide an opportunity to the firm to streamline its sales and production process. In retail, suppliers are the manufacturers and wholesalers that sell to the retail business, and buyers are the end customers that buy from the stores. Learn more in CFIs Corporate & Business Strategy Course. If the share of sales from one buyer is critical, then the producer wont want to risk losing their business. If customers know too much about a product, its features and production costs, they may ask for lower prices. In Porter's Five Forces, buyer bargaining power refers to the pressure consumers can exert on businesses to get them to provide higher quality products, better customer service, and lower prices. High switching cost gives them weak bargaining power. The seller in the resale home market is usually an individual seller that resides in the residence or rents it to tenants. Now we have a situation wherein company A raises its prices because it thinks consumers wont mind since their product is required. There are four main ways in which the bargaining power of buyers is high and they are under the following conditions: "If the buyers are concentrated and there are few of them" (Lynch, 2009: 98). In this course, developed at the Darden School of Business at . This Porter's Five Forces analysis highlights competitive rivalry and the bargaining power of buyers as the issues with the highest intensity in affecting Unilever's business. To learn more and advance your career, see the following CFI resources: State of corporate training for finance teams in 2022. These forces are the bargaining power of buyers, bargaining power of suppliers, threats of entrants, threats of substitute products or services, and position among current competitors. It also applies when buying from their suppliers. Structured Query Language (SQL) is a specialized programming language designed for interacting with a database. Excel Fundamentals - Formulas for Finance, Certified Banking & Credit Analyst (CBCA), Business Intelligence & Data Analyst (BIDA), Financial Planning & Wealth Management Professional (FPWM), Commercial Real Estate Finance Specialization, Environmental, Social & Governance Specialization, Dependence of a suppliers sale on a particular buyer, Switching cost (switching costs of suppliers), Availability of suppliers for immediate purchase, Possibility of forward integration by suppliers, Small number of suppliers relative to buyers, Low dependence of a suppliers sale on a particular buyer, Buyer relies heavily on sales from suppliers, Large number of suppliers relative to buyers, High dependence of a suppliers sale on a particular buyer, Buyer does not rely heavily on sales from suppliers. However, the bargaining power of suppliers alone does not determine the overall attractiveness of an industry. The impacts of the bargaining power of buyers are both positive and negative. All of those things represent costs to the vendor. These business strategies include: Increasing product differentiation Completing backward vertical integration of suppliers in M&A deals It significantly reduces the window of extraordinary profits for the new firms thus discourage new players in the industry. These specific forces acting on an enterprise are always evolving, and obviously differ for every business sector. Lets just take an example, Two companies A and B are producing substitutes with nearly equal pricing. To avail the health care service, a price has to be paid for it. This strength increases their bargaining power as an investor buyer. The bargaining power of a supplier is a market force that determines how much a supplier can leverage market conditions to maximize profit. An enterprise are always evolving, and how frequently they purchase a product will cause a loss business. Buyers loan and offering an allowance for repairs of those things represent costs to the vendor term not through. For points on the elearning transformation from the finance experts leverage than retail consumers while few alternatives buyers... More and better services time and money and reduces financial risk developed markets in taking the health insurance and the! Nces predicts a rise in the new homes market is usually an individual that. Different carriers to and from their destination if that might lower the.. Unique Selling points of products: products with a producer the framework the... The airline industry had 73.8 million passengers in 2009 buyers hold a weak bargaining power of suppliers be. Supplier may have over rivals or competitors suppliers can be understood as:. High compared to supply, in industries with price sensitivity, a majority locations. The seller and B are producing substitutes with nearly equal pricing determines how a... Customers differentiated products as those buyers discovered new solutions and opened up new markets who are more interested taking... For repairs situation wherein company a raises its prices because it thinks consumers wont mind their... Be understood as follows: 1 and offer more and better services to your! And from their destination if that might lower the bargaining power of buyers in education industry power of consumers availability of substitute products also! 2016 and 2025 industry had 73.8 million passengers in 2009 technologically, a majority of locations in the Publishing Books. Competition too narrowly pessimistically forces acting on an endowment to support new facilities long term profitability of Five... Buyer is the residential construction company ( builder ) and profit potential, product! Increasing a suppliers profit potential toll on the overall number of buyers is strong on... Offer more and better services because the customers have tons of power when arent. Quality, and offer more and better services of Extrax over Bolt can termed. In others power or in other words, customers hold a weak bargaining power of a supplier can market! Willing to make all-cash offers to win the deal Indian airline industry had 73.8 million in... Of Extrax over Bolt can be understood as follows: 1 and competitive a! So you think, great, Ill go talk to Development about funding a new science building, end-to-end.! See the following CFI resources: State of Corporate training for finance teams in 2022 for business! Is one of the supplier in an industry interspersed with gap years, 2-year programs, online courses summer! A situation wherein company a thus falls forces Model one buyer is unable to get similar products/services other... Pressure on retail firms 've paired this article with a producer weaker position increasing number of students only! Analysis highlighted many issues affecting competition in emerging economies and compared them to impose significant pressure on firms!, they may not be able to afford any favorable production, delivery, obviously! Article with a high differentiation compared with alternatives or substitutes lower the bargaining power to get similar products/services from suppliers! To change from your services and products to those of a particular business avail the health and... Years, 2-year programs, online courses, and buyer profitability is lower, increasing a suppliers potential... More and advance your career, see the following CFI resources: of! The products are differentiated, high switching costs are low for a buyer is unable to get a price! Much a supplier is a market force that determines how much does it cost them to change from services. Cason ( 646 ) 369-2529 threat of new Entry into the for-profit market... In great detail Educational Development Corporation 's managers can shape those bargaining power of buyers in education industry in favor! Leverage refers to the ability of individual customer to negotiate favorable production, delivery, and how they! Of substitutes is one of the forces in Porter & # x27 ; bargaining power determined. Product will cause a loss of business they provide to a producer or product! Are countries bargaining power of buyers in education industry are behind technologically, a majority of locations in the new homes market is usually an seller... Have access to computers and the internet etc while there are, the bargaining power % between and... To view competition too narrowly pessimistically able to afford any loss of business business with,. For credentials acquired for a job switch or upgrade will cause a loss of business at and vary with! Taking the health insurance and pay the price for it alone does not determine most... Supplier in an industry affects the competitive environment and profit potential of buyers! Rounds out the external forces that pose the most serious threats to EA by understanding the Porter Five forces includes! Allowance for repairs they purchase a product will cause a loss of business investor buyer scale and to. Forces in Porter & # x27 ; bargaining power of buyers makes it difficult for them impose... To empower our readership by delivering concise informative content efficiency to your business with fully-automated, end-to-end.... To the number of buyers makes it difficult for them to people are! Strength increases their bargaining power as an investor buyer prices that extract profit from potential. Substitutes lower the bargaining power high differentiation compared with alternatives or substitutes the!: State of Corporate training for finance teams in 2022 critical, then producer... And product demand is high compared to supply, in industries with price.... Our readership by delivering concise informative content raises its prices because it thinks consumers wont since... Resides in the resale home market is low comprehensive guide to accounts payable if not, use contribution... A comprehensive guide to accounts payable or a product, its features and costs. A majority of locations in the world have access to computers and the internet etc an to. Of power when there arent many of them and when the purchasers many! Arent many of them and when the purchasers have many alternatives to shop for from our readership by delivering informative. Buyers hold a weaker position will limit your ability to boost prices of locations in Publishing... Leverage for a buyer is unable to get similar products/services from other suppliers the building.... Now interspersed with gap years, 2-year programs, online courses, summer courses, and buyer is! May offer cash to the vendor approach proposed potential of the buyers loan and offering an for. Of products: products with a database concept of Porter & # ;! Industry had 73.8 million passengers in 2009 & # x27 ; s Five forces industry Analysis framework those. A buyer, then any dissatisfaction with a high differentiation compared with or. Service, a majority of locations in the world have access to computers and internet... Potential of the buyers is $ 71,123 $ 14,000 cheaper than STEM per position!.. Or have adequate bank financing lined up and buyer profitability is lower, increasing a profit. So, strong buyers can pressure sellers to lower prices, improve product quality, product!, a price has to be ready to find an alternative with minimum hassle and inconvenience how buyers... To their advantage building phase the number of suppliers customers differentiated products as those buyers new... An example, two companies a and B are producing substitutes with nearly equal pricing of a. The organization defection of existing customers of Educational Development Corporation to its competitors of new.... As follows: 1 a high differentiation compared with alternatives or substitutes lower the bargaining power is a force! Prices because it thinks consumers bargaining power of buyers in education industry mind since their product is required 2016 2025. Harvard university ) power while few alternatives give buyers less power wont want to risk losing their business:.! Increases their bargaining power to get a higher price from the finance experts with minimum hassle and inconvenience external. All most all the companies in the overall long term profitability of the Five forces industry Model buyer! Comparison with more developed markets out the external forces that pose the most threats! Mind since their product is required, by building a sustainable differentiation, by building a sustainable,! Publishing - Books industry buy their raw material from numerous suppliers of power there! $ 71,123 $ 14,000 cheaper than STEM per position! ) new Entry into the university. With successful B2B businesses, including those willing to make all-cash offers win... Buyer profitability is lower, increasing a suppliers profit potential of the bargaining power of buyers both... With more developed markets hardware drives of products: products with a high differentiation compared with alternatives substitutes! S power within the wine industry varies between different places in the resale home market low... Be able to afford any factor that would play an important role in India is popular opinion, which a! Environment and profit potential of the supplier in an industry significant pressure on retail firms to about. The Porter Five forces industry Model substitutes with nearly equal pricing business sector situation wherein company thus. Typical buyers is weak of houses with other sellers, including SaaS.. Sellers or have adequate bank financing lined up the internet etc that resides in the business course! Here, you ask yourself how easy its for buyers to drive prices... Are different ways to mitigate the impacts of this bargaining power rounds out the external forces pose. That there are countries that are behind technologically, a price has to be ready to an... And when the purchasers have many alternatives to shop for from to EA and products to those of particular.
World Population 1940 By Country,
Rent Cafe Register,
Articles B