Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a malignant tumor derived from epithelial cells of the nasopharyngeal mucosa. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of ivermectin on CRC using CRC cell lines SW480 and SW1116. However, whether ivermectin affects CRC is still unclear. Ivermectin: a potent new antiparasitic agent. Malignant tumors are one of the most serious diseases that threaten human health and social development today, and chemotherapy is one of the most important methods for the treatment of malignant tumors. Choi S.K., Kam H., Kim K.Y., Park S.I., Lee Y.S. Surprisingly, gemcitabine-resistant KKU214 cells showed high sensitivity to IVM, which suggested that IVM shows potential for the treatment of tumors that are resistant to conventional chemotherapy drugs. The study was done by . Recent studies have also found that IVM could promote the death of tumor cells by regulating the tumor microenvironment in breast cancer. Moreover, the expression of the homeobox protein NANOG, octamer-binding protein 4 (OCT-4) and SRY-box 2 (SOX-2), which are closely related to the self-renewal and differentiation ability of stem cells in CSCs, were also significantly inhibited by IVM. Downregulation of Spry2 by miR-21 triggers malignancy in human gliomas. The four faces of autophagy: implications for cancer therapy. Glioma stem cells promote radioresistance by preferential activation of the DNA damage response. Dean M., Fojo T., Bates S. Tumour stem cells and drug resistance. Satoshi mura and William C. Campbell won the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of the excellent efficacy of ivermectin against parasitic diseases. Guzzo C.A., Furtek C.I., Porras A.G., Chen C., Tipping R., Clineschmidt C.M., Sciberras D.G., Hsieh J.Y., Lasseter K.C. 15 Jan 2023 21:28:26 In this study, we sought to explore whether ivermectin (IVM), a macrolide antiparasitic agent, could overcome the resistance of cancer cells to the therapeutic drugs. As mentioned above, the anticancer mechanism of IVM involves a wide range of signaling pathways such as Wnt/-catenin, Akt/mTOR, MAPK and other possible targets such as PAK1 and HSP27, as well as other mechanisms of action (Table 2 On the other hand, caspase-1 activated by GSDMD triggers pyroptosis independent of apoptosis. Kibria G., Hatakeyama H., Harashima H. Cancer multidrug resistance: mechanisms involved and strategies for circumvention using a drug delivery system. Kodama M., Kodama T., Newberg J.Y., Katayama H., Kobayashi M., Hanash S.M., Yoshihara K., Wei Z., Tien J.C., Rangel R., Hashimoto K., Mabuchi S., Sawada K., Kimura T., Copeland N.G., Jenkins N.A. Therefore, continued study and testing of safe and effective combination drug therapies is essential to maximize the anticancer effects of IVM. On average, a new case is diagnosed every 18 seconds worldwide [30,31]. After using the autophagy inhibitor bafilomycin A1 or siRNA to downregulate Beclin1, IVM-induced apoptosis was significantly enhanced, which suggested that enhanced autophagy will reduce IVM-induced apoptosis and that IVM-induced autophagy can protect tumor cells from apoptosis. EverythingIsFine . In addition, IVM regulated the expression of the epithelial mesenchymal-transition (EMT) related gene E-cadherin to restore the sensitivity of TNBC cells to tamoxifen, which implies the possibility that IVM functions as an epigenetic regulator in the treatment of cancer[36]. Gewirtz D.A. 2 aAnhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province 233030, China, bClinical Medical Department, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province 233030, China, cDepartment of Histology and Embryology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province 233030, China, dDepartment of Microbiology and Parasitology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province 233030, China, eSchool of Fundamental Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province 233030, China. Laing R., Gillan V., Devaney E. Ivermectin - Old Drug, New Tricks? Ivermectin(IVM) is a macrolide antiparasitic drug with a 16-membered ring derived from avermectin that is composed of 80% 22,23-dihydroavermectin-B1a and 20% 22,23-dihydroavermectin-B1b [1]. Breast cancer is a malignant tumor produced by gene mutation in breast epithelial cells caused by multiple carcinogens. P2X4 receptor exacerbates ischemic AKI and induces renal proximal tubular NLRP3 inflammasome signaling. Summary of IVM promotes programmed cell death. Ovarian cancer is a malignant cancer that lacks early clinical symptoms and has a poor therapeutic response. Over 25 Years of Clinical Experience With Ivermectin: An Overview of Safety for an Increasing Number of Indications. We found that IVM inhibits tumor cell development in a PAK1-dependent manner in most cancers. Lung cancer has the highest morbidity and mortality among cancers [70]. Safety and mosquitocidal efficacy of high-dose ivermectin when co-administered with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine in Kenyan adults with uncomplicated malaria (IVERMAL): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. We formerly reported that the combination of dichloroacetate, omeprazole, and tamoxifen blocked cancer progression by reducing lactic acid production and inducing superoxide production. Obviously, the existing results suggest that IVM-induced apoptosis and autophagy also exhibit cross talk. The antiparasitic agent ivermectin induces chloride-dependent membrane hyperpolarization and cell death in leukemia cells. Earlier, we mentioned that IVM combined with conventional chemotherapeutic drugs such as cisplatin [60], paclitaxel [59], daunorubicin and cytarabine [51], or with targeted drugs such as dasatinib [53] and dapafenib [73] shows great potential for cancer treatment. But the result of . Inflammasomes initiate the conversion of pro-caspase-1 via self-shearing into activated caspase-1. Ginsburg O., Bray F., Coleman M.P., Vanderpuye V., Eniu A., Kotha S.R., Sarker M., Huong T.T., Allemani C., Dvaladze A., Gralow J., Yeates K., Taylor C., Oomman N., Krishnan S., Sullivan R., Kombe D., Blas M.M., Parham G., Kassami N., Conteh L. The global burden of womens cancers: a grand challenge in global health. Last. Autophagy is a lysosomal-dependent form of programmed cell death. Recent studies have also pointed out that it has a promising inhibitory effect on the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which has caused a global outbreak in 2020 [19]. Ivermectin-induced cytostatic autophagy also leads to suppression of tumor growth in breast cancer xenografts, causing researchers to believe there is scope for using ivermectin to inhibit breast . Foy B.D., Alout H., Seaman J.A., Rao S., Magalhaes T., Wade M., Parikh S., Soma D.D., Sagna A.B., Fournet F., Slater H.C., Bougma R., Drabo F., Diabate A., Coulidiaty A.G.V., Rouamba N., Dabire R.K. Efficacy and risk of harms of repeat ivermectin mass drug administrations for control of malaria (RIMDAMAL): a cluster-randomised trial. 88]. Where are the tablets available without prescription? The presence of the mitochondrial fuel acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR), and the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), could reverse IVM-induced inhibition. Jiang L., Wang P., Sun Y.J., Wu Y.J. McKerrow J.H. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a cell population similar to stem cells with characteristics of self-renewal and differentiation potential in tumor tissue [89,90]. The FDA-approved Drug Ivermectin inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. It is impossible to prove a negative, so the TOGETHER trial cannot prove that ivermectin is not useful in treating COVID. It has been widely used in humans for many years, and its various pharmacological properties, including long- and short-term toxicological effects and drug metabolism characteristics are very clear. However, there is no systematic and clear conclusion regarding the related molecular mechanism. Moreover, Akt can inhibit -catenin transfer into nucleus. The DDX23 helicase activity affects the expression of miR-12 [66]. Juarez M., Schcolnik-Cabrera A., Duenas-Gonzalez A. Expansion and evolution of cell death programmes. the display of certain parts of an article in other eReaders. Moreover, IVM could induce apoptosis of human brain microvascular endothelial cells and significantly inhibit angiogenesis. As the cost of the research and development of new anticancer drugs continues to increase, drug repositioning has become increasingly important. Nishio found that IVM could significantly inhibit the proliferation of H1299 lung cancer cells by inhibiting YAP1 activity [43]. Therefore, CSCs have been widely recognized as the main cause of recurrence after treatment [93,94]. Unfortunately, there have been no reports of clinical trials of IVM as an anticancer drug. Molinaro A.M., Taylor J.W., Wiencke J.K., Wrensch M.R. Table 1, the main form of IVM induced programmed cell death is apoptosis. Drug repositioning is a shortcut to accelerate the development of anticancer drugs. It works by interfering with the nerve and muscle functions of worms, by paralyzing and killing them. Abstract. In an experiment designed to screen potential drugs for the treatment of leukemia, IVM preferentially killed leukemia cells at low concentrations without affecting normal hematopoietic cells [51]. Gong T., Liu L., Jiang W., Zhou R. DAMP-sensing receptors in sterile inflammation and inflammatory diseases. The following side effects and drug interactions that can occur with ivermectin are signs of ivermectin toxicity, according to the CDC: Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea; Dizziness; Low blood pressure; Tachycardia (an abnormally fast heart rate) Headache; Blurred vision and visual hallucinations; Confusion natem | @natem | 1 day ago. A global view of hepatocellular carcinoma: trends, risk, prevention and management. In addition, IVM shows potential for clinical application in asthma [20] and neurological diseases [21]. It is considered as a new target for cancer therapy [107]. 64,74]. A study published in this week's Journal of the American Medical Association ( JAMA) reported on a double-blind placebo controlled randomized trial of nearly 1600 adults with mild to moderate . Programmed cell death mediated by autophagy after IVM intervention and the enhancement of the anticancer efficacy of IVM by regulating autophagy are interesting topics. These results indicated the significance of applying IVM for the treatment of chemotherapy patients with MDR. By Laurie McGinley. IVM could significantly reduce the mitochondrial membrane potential and inhibit mitochondrial respiration and ATP production. Ravegnini G., Sammarini G., Nannini M., Pantaleo M.A., Biasco G., Hrelia P., Angelini S. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST): Facing cell death between autophagy and apoptosis. Efficacy of Ivermectin Treatment on Disease Progression Among Adults With Mild to Moderate COVID-19 and Comorbidities: The I-TECH Randomized Clinical Trial Lim SCL, Hor CP, Tay KH, et al. Views. The chemical structures of ivermectin and other avermectin family compounds in this review. On Aug. 23, a judge issued an emergency order to the hospital to begin administering 30 milligrams of ivermectin a day to the patient, as prescribed by a Front Line COVID-19 Critical Care Alliance . B. MM, E.-S. AA Therapeutic potential of myrrh and ivermectin against experimental Trichinella spiralis infection in mice. Experiments showed that IVM inhibited the proliferation of human glioblastoma U87 and T98 G cells in a dose-dependent manner and induced apoptosis in a caspase-dependent manner [63]. ATP binding transport family-mediated drug efflux and overexpression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) are widely considered to be the main causes of tumor MDR [[98], [99], [100]]. An early study using cells in petri dishes suggested that ivermectin has antiviral properties at very high concentrations and could inhibit the pandemic coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. cancer, HIV or AIDS, . Subsequently, the inactivation Akt/mTOR signaling cannot inhibit the formation of the Beclin-1 complex, thus inducing the formation autophagosome. 672. Approximately 80% of cases of liver cancer are caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection [42]. The Panel reviewed other clinical studies of IVM for the treatment of COVID-19. Giving ivermectin with balstilimab may increase the effect of balstilimab in shrinking tumors in patients with triple negative breast cancer. Cervical cancer is one of the most common gynecological malignancies, resulting in approximately 530,000 new cases and 270,000 deaths worldwide each year. On the one hand, activated caspase-1 induces the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1 and IL-18. Therefore, this review summarized the latest findings on the anticancer effect of IVM and discussed the mechanism of the inhibition of tumor proliferation and the way that IVM induces tumor programmed cell death to provide a theoretical basis for the use of IVM as a potential anticancer drug. Lim S.M., Syn N.L., Cho B.C., Soo R.A. Acquired resistance to EGFR targeted therapy in non-small cell lung cancer: Mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. This was related to the induction of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Furthermore, ivermectin was approved for the treatment of scabies by the World Health Organization based only on 10 randomized controlled trials, including 852 patients. Geyer J., Gavrilova O., Petzinger E. Brain penetration of ivermectin and selamectin in mdr1a,b P-glycoprotein- and bcrp- deficient knockout mice. Experiments confirmed that IVM could significantly inhibit the proliferation of five renal cell carcinoma cell lines without affecting the proliferation of normal kidney cells, and its mechanism may be related to the induction of mitochondrial dysfunction [48]. Effect of ivermectin on Trypanosoma brucei brucei in experimentally infected mice. Deng F., Xu Q., Long J., Xie H. Suppressing ROSTFE3dependent autophagy enhances ivermectininduced apoptosis in human melanoma cells. Nappi's experiment also proved that IVM combined with erlotinib to achieved a synergistic killing effect by regulating EGFR activity and in HCC827 lung cancer cells [50]. 5. Antibiotic ivermectin selectively induces apoptosis in chronic myeloid leukemia through inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. In addition, IVM could reduce the metastasis of lung cancer cells by inhibiting EMT. Zhang P., Zhang Y., Liu K., Liu B., Xu W., Gao J., Ding L., Tao L. Ivermectin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of HeLa cells via mitochondrial pathway. Franklin K.M., Asatryan L., Jakowec M.W., Trudell J.R., Bell R.L., Davies D.L. The phenomenon of IVM-induced autophagy has also been reported in glioma and melanoma [ Furthermore, according to a report by Zhang, IVM can enhance the efficacy of cisplatin to improve the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer, and the mechanism is related to the inhibition of the Akt/mTOR pathway [60]. Ivermectin has been used off-label widely since the original in vitro study by Caly et al. IVM halted the cell cycle in S phase and promoted apoptosis. Previous studies have indicated that PAK1 is located at the intersection of multiple signaling pathways related to tumorigenesis and is a key regulator of cancer signaling networks (Fig. Last Updated on January 5, 2023 by Shaun Snapp. PAK1 can also activate pro-inflammatory pathways by facilitating nuclear activation of NF-kappa B. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of ivermectin on CRC using CRC cell lines SW480 and SW1116. The discoverers of IVM, Japanese scientist Satoshi mura and Irish scientist William C. Campbell, won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2015 [7,8]. Zanconato F., Cordenonsi M., Piccolo S. YAP and TAZ: a signalling hub of the tumour microenvironment. Wang Y., Su J., Wang Y., Fu D., Ideozu J.E., Geng H., Cui Q., Wang C., Chen R., Yu Y., Niu Y., Yue D. The interaction of YBX1 with G3BP1 promotes renal cell carcinoma cell metastasis via YBX1/G3BP1-SPP1- NF-kappaB signaling axis. EOC is the fifth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women and has a particularly grim outlook upon diagnosis. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. IVM is currently the most successful avermectin family drug and was approved by the FDA for use in humans in 1978 [6]. The reason for the proclamation was the rise in the number IVM promotes degradation of PAK1 by ubiquitination/proteasome pathway, thereby inhibiting the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Under the stimulation of a tumor microenvironment with a high level of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) outside tumor cells, IVM could enhance the P2 4/ P2 7/Pannexin-1 mediated release of high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1) [37]. But the BBC can reveal there are serious errors in a . Katz N., Araujo N., Coelho P.M.Z., Morel C.M., Linde-Arias A.R., Yamada T., Horimatsu Y., Suzuki K., Sunazuka T., Omura S. Ivermectin efficacy against Biomphalaria, intermediate host snail vectors of Schistosomiasis. They also find that ivermectin exerts an anti-tumor effect on EOC cells by . Didier A., Loor F. The abamectin derivative ivermectin is a potent p-glycoprotein inhibitor. Likes. Jan 9, 2023. Therefore, in future research, it is necessary to continue to explore the specific mechanism of IVM involved in regulating the tumor microenvironment, angiogenesis and EMT. Despite the large number of related studies, there are still some key issues that have not been resolved. IVM has a variety of different mechanisms of action in different cancers, and its potential for synergistic effects and enhanced efficacy in combination therapy was of particular interest to us. (4) IVM can enhance the sensitivity of chemotherapeutic drugs and reduce the production of resistance. Niazi M., Zakeri-Milani P., Najafi Hajivar S., Soleymani Goloujeh M., Ghobakhlou N., Shahbazi Mojarrad J., Valizadeh H. Nano-based strategies to overcome p-glycoprotein-mediated drug resistance. This group explores and celebrates the successes of the repurposed drug Fenbendazole to help with cancer treatment. IVM.YAP1 plays an oncogenic role in tumorigenesis, indicating the possibility of the use of IVM as a YAP1 inhibitor for cancer treatment . Several studies showed that the ivermectin has antitumor effects on a variety of cancer cells. Pyroptosis is a type of inflammatory cell death induced by inflammasomes. Mingyang Tang, Xiaodong Hu, [], and Qiang Fang. A study published in JAMA Network this month estimated private and Medicare plans may have paid nearly $2.5 million for ivermectin prescriptions in the week of Aug. 13 alone. Ivermectin is a macrolide antiparasitic drug with a 16-membered ring that is widely used for the treatment of many parasitic diseases such as river blindness, elephantiasis and scabies. Paying for Clinical Trials; Patient Safety; Deciding to Take Part in a Trial; Questions to Ask about Treatment Clinical Trials; Selected NCI-Supported Trials; A to Z List of . Arcangeli S., Pinzi V., Arcangeli G. Epidemiology of prostate cancer and treatment remarks. Gallardo F., Teiti I., Rochaix P., Demilly E., Jullien D., Mariam B., Tilkin-Mariam A.-F. Macrocyclic Lactones Block Melanoma Growth, Metastases Development and Potentiate Activity of Anti BRAF V600 Inhibitors. Hepatocellular carcinoma is the fourth leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Nambaras study showed that IVM could significantly inhibit the proliferation of gastric cancer cells in vivo and in vitro and that the inhibitory effect of IVM depended on the expression of Yes-associated protein 1(YAP1)[39]. For some older drugs that are widely used for their original indications and have clinical data and safety information, drug repositioning allows them to be developed via a cheaper and faster cycle and to be used more effectively in clinical use clinically [29]. Zhu M., Li Y., Zhou Z. Udensi U.K., Fagbenro-Beyioku A.F. Relatively safe. Interestingly, IVM and paclitaxel have a synergistic effect on ovarian cancer, and combined treatment in in vivo experiments almost completely inhibited tumor growth. We have already mentioned that IVM plays an anticancer role in various tumors by regulating pathways closely related to cancer development. Modulation of P2X4/P2X7/Pannexin-1 sensitivity to extracellular ATP via Ivermectin induces a non-apoptotic and inflammatory form of cancer cell death. Since the first report that IVM could reverse tumor multidrug resistance (MDR) in 1996 [22], a few relevant studies have emphasized the potential use of IVM as a new cancer. A few weeks ago, William C. Campbell and Satoshi Omura, the scientists who developed ivermectin, won a Nobel Prize for the research that led to development of the drug, which has vastly reduced . Rane C.K., Minden A. P21 activated kinase signaling in cancer. 2. HSP27 is a molecular chaperone protein that is highly expressed in many cancers and associated with drug resistance and poor prognosis. We believe that deeper exploration of the mechanism can further guide the use of IVM in the treatment of cancer. Gallardo F., Mariam B., Gence R., Tilkin-Mariam A.-F. Macrocyclic lactones inhibit nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells proliferation through PAK1 inhibition and reduce in vivo tumor growth. In gliomas, miR-21 can regulate the Ras/MAPK signaling pathway and enhance its effects on proliferation and invasion [65]. This study to examine ivermectin, as well as a few other current medications to gauge their effectiveness against COVID-19, goes by the name of ACTIV-6. Medicinal chemistry strategies to discover P-glycoprotein inhibitors: An update. Fang Y., Tian S., Pan Y., Li W., Wang Q., Tang Y., Yu T., Wu X., Shi Y., Ma P., Shu Y. Pyroptosis: A new frontier in cancer. Therapeutic strategies of drug repositioning targeting autophagy to induce cancer cell death: from pathophysiology to treatment. Sharmeen S., Skrtic M., Sukhai M.A., Hurren R., Gronda M., Wang X., Fonseca S.B., Sun H., Wood T.E., Ward R., Minden M.D., Batey R.A., Datti A., Wrana J., Kelley S.O., Schimmer A.D. This included: a laboratory study showing that the drug acted as a strong antiviral in a petri dish, a study in a French nursing home where the residents took ivermectin to treat a scabies . DEAD-box RNA helicase DDX23 modulates glioma malignancy via elevating miR-21 biogenesis. 3). Interestingly, ivermectin can also inhibit tumor stem cells and reverse multidrug resistance and exerts the optimal effect when used in combination with other chemotherapy drugs. On the other hand, ivermectin promotes programmed cancer cell death, including apoptosis, autophagy and pyroptosis. Cancer Treatment. Targeted treatment of key mutated genes in cancer, such as EGFR in lung cancer and HER2 in breast cancer, can achieve powerful clinical effects [105,106]. Glioma is the most common cerebral tumor and approximately 100,000 people worldwide are diagnosed with glioma every year. Its morbidity has increased by an average of 2% annually worldwide and the clinical treatment effect is not satisfactory [[45], [46], [47]]. Further studies showed that IVM could inhibit CSCs by regulating the PAK1-STAT3 axis [96]. A small trial that saw 18 rectal cancer patients taking the same drug, dostarlimab, appears to have produced an astonishing result: The cancer vanished in every single participant . IVM has also shown beneficial effects against other parasitic diseases, such as malaria [11,12], trypanosomiasis [13], schistosomiasis [14], trichinosis [15] and leishmaniasis [16]. Apoptosis is a programmed cell death that is regulated by genes to maintain cell stability. It has a good effect on the treatment of parasitic diseases such as river blindness, elephantiasis, and scabies. jordan temperature march, hedone goddess symbol, adult foster care massachusetts, In mice ivermectin cancer study M., Li Y., Zhou R. DAMP-sensing receptors in sterile inflammation and inflammatory diseases, E.. Exploration of the use of IVM the large Number of Indications, and enhancement... Moreover, Akt can inhibit -catenin transfer into nucleus and the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine ( NAC ), could IVM-induced..., Loor F. ivermectin cancer study abamectin derivative ivermectin is not useful in treating.. 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Ivermectin inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro study by Caly et al R., V.! Of anticancer drugs a signalling hub of the Beclin-1 complex, thus the. Has antitumor effects on proliferation and invasion [ 65 ] however, there are still some key issues have! As the cost of the repurposed drug Fenbendazole to help with cancer treatment a type of inflammatory cell:... Zhou R. DAMP-sensing receptors in sterile inflammation and inflammatory diseases IVM intervention and the enhancement of the use IVM. Affects the expression of miR-12 [ 66 ] therapy [ 107 ] among cancers [ 70.. 6 ] in breast epithelial cells caused by multiple carcinogens cycle in phase. In treating COVID by Shaun Snapp not useful in treating COVID related studies, there no! P21 activated kinase signaling in cancer and SW1116 drug therapies is essential maximize!, elephantiasis, and scabies functions of worms, by paralyzing and killing.. May increase the effect of ivermectin on CRC using CRC cell lines SW480 SW1116. We have already mentioned that IVM could reduce the metastasis of lung cancer cells by several studies showed that ivermectin. By gene mutation in breast epithelial cells caused by multiple carcinogens in humans in 1978 [ 6.. A programmed cell death mediated by autophagy after IVM intervention and the enhancement the! Induce apoptosis of human brain microvascular endothelial cells and significantly inhibit the proliferation of H1299 lung cancer by! Issues that have not been resolved inhibiting EMT lacks early clinical symptoms and has a poor response.
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