Even though FBO personnel may deice your aircraft, you are ultimately responsible for ensuring that it was done appropriately. Flying (and taxiing) should never be hurried. The controversy over restricting the use of aircraft deicing fluid at airport gates started with EPA's proposal to exempt the associated wastewater from new collection and treatment requirements by limiting deicing for safe taxiing to the use of a maximum of 25 gal (95 L) of fluid. contributed to the incident. contribute to taxi distractions. Type IV fluids offer the best protection against refreezing. One noted problem is 0000012043 00000 n Its normally the pilot who requested a quick turn from the FBO after jamming on the brakes to make the mid-field turn off. A simulation is conducted based on a practical setting of 9 flights on runway 02L at a central-south airport. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. If this slush is not cleared prior to take-off, it may freeze in flight. Nevertheless, because of their high viscosity, Type II, III, & IV fluids may continue to adhere to some parts of the aircraft during rotation and take-off. 0000138386 00000 n List at least three possible hazards associated with the ground operations of aircraft. e) The hazards associated with starting, ground operating, and/or taxiing aircraft and procedures for preventing, minimizing or otherwise managing any of them right fuel don't put wrong fuel which can kill.airplane grounded and to the truck. For anti-icing applications, this fluid is applied undiluted. Proper effective scanning for other aircraft, surface vehicles, or other objects should be continuously exercised in all cases, At those airports where the U.S. Government operates the control tower and ATC has authorized noncompliance with the requirement for two-way radio communications while operating within the Class B, Class C, or Class D surface area, or at those airports where the U.S. Government does not operate the control tower and radio communications cannot be established, pilots must obtain a clearance by visual light signal prior to taxiing on a runway and prior to takeoff and landing, Leaning the mixture could be helpful to save fuel, avoid fouled spark plugs, and reduce emissions when using 100LL during long taxi's or long waits for takeoff, If leaning, always remember to move the mixture back to rich before takeoff, Taxi speed is not explicitly regulated; however, common sense must apply so as not to operate in a "careless or reckless manner" (, While on a ramp, you should not taxi any faster than one can walk, While on a taxiway, you should not taxi faster than one can jog, When entering a turn, be mindful of the stress you are placing on the landing gear as you turn, Care must be exercised when taxiing at night, in low visibility, or toward the sun to remain situational awareness as to where you are and what is around you, This means half the speed and twice the caution, Runways are generally flat surfaces however small changes in elevation will impact the speed at which the aircraft moves, You will require more power uphill and less downhill, Every turn you make will impact the amount of power required to some degree, It is unlikely however, that you'll need to adjust than around 100 RPM to overcome to effects of slope, Avoid taxiing over any noticable dips on the surface that could put undue stress on the landing gear, or damage wheel pants, if applicable, If taxiing in cold weather conditions such as snow, ice, or slush, avoid taxiing over contaminated surfaces, if possible, If slush or ice is suspected to have contaminated the landing gear, consider touch-and-go's to clear ice from frozen gear, Taxi slower when objects on the surface have the potential to be kicked up onto the aircraft, Taxi speed is especially important in cold weather operations the aircraft may not only lose traction, but could kick up slush or water onto wings and control surfaces, increasing weight and possibly inhibiting range of motion, Crosswinds can effect an aircraft, even when moving at slower speeds on the ground during taxi, Moderate to strong headwinds and/or a strong propeller slipstream makes the use of the elevator sometimes necessary to control pitch, Downwind taxiing will usually require less power and may require none, but do not ride the brakes, The upwind wing will tend to be lifted by the wind unless the aileron control is held in that direction, Weathervaning may occur as the wind effects a large portion of the aircrafts side [, This is more apparent in a tail wheel aircraft given the wheel is farther behind the center of gravity and comparatively farther from the main gear, The aileron and elevator should be positioned in such a way as to prevent undesirable effects on the aircraft, Remember the memory aid to: dive away and fly into the wind, The elevator must be neutral (for tricycle gear airplanes) or up (for tailwheel airplanes), Remember also that turns will require change the direction the wind is coming from relative to the aircraft, requiring a change in control positions, It will require a large amount of power to initially move the aircraft, As the aircraft starts to move, power must be retarded, possibly as far back as idle, to prevent continued acceleration, Steer with rudders, keeping your feet over, but not on, the breaks, Riding the brakes will reduce their lifespan and could render them less effective, Many high performance aircraft can produce enough thrust that riding the brakes may be necessary to keep the aircraft from speeding up; brake judiciously, Jet aircraft can be dangerous when exhaust is swept across an area, Reduce the power to idle in a turn, but remember an aircraft stopped in a turn takes a lot of power to get moving again, Pilots and aircraft operators should be constantly aware that during certain low visibility conditions the movement of aircraft and vehicles on airports may not be visible to the tower controller, This may prevent visual confirmation of an aircraft's adherence to taxi instructions, If pilots become disoriented, it is vitally important to notify the controller immediately, Pilots should proceed with extreme caution when taxiing toward the sun, When vision difficulties are encountered pilots should immediately inform the controller, Advisory Circular 120-57, Low Visibility Operations Surface Movement Guidance and Control System, commonly known as LVOSMGCS (pronounced "LVO SMIGS") describes an adequate example of a low visibility taxi plan for any airport which has takeoff or landing operations in less than 1,200 feet runway visual range (RVR) visibility conditions. 0000139405 00000 n are designed for takeoffs and landings, they are not marked for taxiing. Sh/3R_\l/s`}$xzjh*d3>Y",^Y>@ TSdB$C-)ZetV % :`j@HTPrFL@we[e|TuJ!s|3Kv SJd>|GRHkHVd(MZkzI%(P6}Ylr IV]e MOgc5zCWBndn V. situational awareness. runway when another runway may be in use, and rushing. instructions are being issued. Prior to starting a new engine or one that has been preserved for storage. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. times greater than the chance of striking another aircraft in flight. Use by a larger aircraft could compromise obstacle clearance, failure to follow taxi lane guidance - deviation from the lane guidance whilst manoeuvring in proximity to light stands, gates or stationary equipment can result in collision, jet blast -inappropriate thrust settings or following too closely can result in aircraft damage due to. 0000138970 00000 n every one of them. In response, we have issued some transportation-related measures and guidance. this author, most involved unauthorized runway transgressions. 0000247480 00000 n Please check if any of these measures apply to you. Investigations and recommendations by the Transportation Safety Board, reporting accidents or unsafe conditions. Deicing for Safe Taxiing. 0000019673 00000 n 0000005618 00000 n Taxiing is the movement of an aircraft on the ground, under its own power, in contrast to towing or pushback where the aircraft is moved by a tug, The aircraft usually moves on wheels, but the term also includes aircraft with skis or floats, An airplane uses taxiways to taxi from one place on an airport to another; for example, when moving from a Can I taxi to the end of the ramp without permission, or do I call before releasing the brakes? Be sure the propeller or inlet area is clear and check for loose stones, gravel, etc. Most pilots dont know this but taxiing with full flaps down is equivalent to squawking 7500 on your transponder a sign of distress. According to the Airmen's Information 0000247519 00000 n Spray the aircraft with heated water if the temperature is -3C (27F) or warmer, immediately followed by a second anti-icing treatment of heated Type I fluid heated to nominally 60C (140F) at the nozzle. aircraft in many precarious situations. The idea is that the tower or ATC would see this abnormality and be able to intervene without the hi-jacker knowing that anyone had been tipped off. What safety procedures must be observed when hand-propping a small aircraft engine? six inches apart. 0000248652 00000 n line without ATC clearance at a controlled airport, or without making sure of 0000153136 00000 n in this data set occurred because crews became disoriented while taxiing. pilot must then challenge him/her to be sure that the clearance was understood. Taxi and take-off in icing conditions present several unique hazards. In this section, we discuss the specific issues associated with ground operations in icing conditions. Use mechanical means, such as brooms, rubber scrapers, or forced air. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. The tow vehicle brakes should be used except in an emergency - then the aircraft brakes may be used. Resistance to the prop turning indicates a possible hydraulic lock in at least one of the cylinders. Read recommendations for advancing aviation safety resulting from Transportation Safety Board investigations. These agents enable Type II fluids to remain on the aircraft surface during standing, taxi, and other low speed operations and to rapidly flow off due to wind shearing forces during take-off roll. Some specific accident prevention strategies are as follows: The following accidents and incidents involve collision or near collision between two aircraft, an aircraft and a vehicle, or an aircraft and a stationary object. Turning propellers and rotor blades. There are four types of deicing fluids. 0000051048 00000 n While this might seem hard when you first try it, you will soon get used to the feeling and be able to anticipate the momentum of the airplane. . %%EOF Chapter 7 - Aircraft Structural Materials, Ch 017 - Aircraft Airworthiness Inspection, Ch 014 - Cabin Atmosphere Control Systems, Fundamentals of Engineering Economic Analysis, David Besanko, Mark Shanley, Scott Schaefer. 280 0 obj <>stream 0000250038 00000 n FAA's updated "advisory circular" includes newly defined items such as airport operations areas and non-movement areas, and offers guidance for towered airports regarding non-pilot workers and equipment in the runway safety area. hS]HSq?cs:gY0C_cv?#$2#!9k!bAKX(I}F_TufD{{~= H x4E^b17 9M}q)Rs6Rau`{kUbH \# lDa2:z'{isIr^;cu"5>Ze[=(Hn(j K.t]OK Wildlife hazards during approach and landing should be treated like any other flight safety hazardif any doubt exists concerning safety, delay your landing until conditions are right. Type III fluids were formulated for use on small commuter-type aircraft with take-off rotation speeds that exceed approximately 60 knots. Stay up to date with the latest articles and selections from our archives. There are four different categories, based on an aircraft's takeoff weight, the type of work being performed and the number of passengers it is configured to carry. Simulation results indicate that total taxiing time is reduced by 243s after optimization and no taxiing conflict occurs. Recall that holding lines lie perpendicular And its nothing to be ashamed of because its common and taxiing is not natural. Reproduction in whole or in part without permission is prohibited. can be taken before leaving the ramp. Type I fluids have a high glycol content and a low viscosity; however, they are always applied diluted and heated. The air traffic controller has given you a route to follow to your assigned runway . Hazard Identification. Pilots - In general, pilots are responsible for the ground movement of an aircraft from the runway to the gate and from the gate to the runway although they may also reposition aircraft from one point on the airfield to another. For general aviation, however, insufficient or improper ground deicing/anti-icing continues to cause several fatalities a year. to a runway transgression. Responsible NASA Official: Peter Struk B735, Newark NJ USA, 2006. Under what conditions may automobile gasoline be used in an aircraft engine? 0000011457 00000 n 0000101385 00000 n Joe would like to build several bookcases that are different heights and widths. Next, whenever a "hold short" Contamination as small as 80-grit sandpaper can cause a 25% loss of wing lift. In a number of cases pilots have taxied beyond their turnoff point because they saw what was on a distant sign too late. xref the taxiway. My own rule of thumb: if in doubt, over-communicate. While a national effort is underway to reduce runway transgressions, at Tenerife, Canary Islands. Captain may not hear or comprehend "hold short" clearances. Every three weeks our team of flight instructors shares advice and video tips to help you become a safer pilot. Small general aviation aircraft should never use thickened fluids - especially Type II & IV but also Type III in most cases - because their rotation speeds are not high enough to completely shear the fluid off the wing. c. never tow the aircraft without having someone in the flight . Human Error in Aviation and Legal Process, Stabilised Approach Awareness Toolkit for ATC, Flight Deck Procedures (A Guide for Controllers), FA50 / Vehicle, Moscow Vnukovo Russia, 2014, Start-up, Push-back and Taxi - A Guide for Controllers, Visual Aids Handbook UK CAA CAP 637 (2007), ACRP Report 148: LED Airfield Lighting System Operation and Maintenance, failing to stop at a taxiway holding point, failing to stay on the surface movement control radio frequency or ground frequency as appropriate. 0000153011 00000 n 0000005695 00000 n If frozen contaminants are present on the aircraft's critical surfaces they must be deiced and anti-iced (as appropriate) on the ground prior to take-off. to dented wing tips and excursions through the grass, either. Reported one crew: A few runway transgressions occurred Aviation safety recommendations. At busy locations, however, pilots may be instructed by the ground controller to "contact clearance delivery" on a frequency designated for this purpose, No surveillance or control over the movement of traffic is exercised by this position of operation, Taxiing checklists are sometimes specified by the AFM/POH, and the pilot must accomplish any items that are required, If there are no specific checklist items, taxiing still provides an opportunity to verify the operation and cross-check of the flight instruments, Additionally, the heading indicator should not precess more than 3 in 15 minutes, These checks can be accomplished on conventional mechanical instrumented aircraft or glass cockpits, Do not perform any items while taxiing that prevent you from safely operating the aircraft, Complete all checklists required before taxi, Consider setting the heading bug/course indicator to display where the winds are coming from, Contact Clearance Delivery, as appropriate. Avoiding other aircraft and hazards during taxi Element 6 demands that you divide your attention. Same rule goes for taxiing in as taxiing out. This ensures adequate lubrication on initial startup. Speaker's Notes. Some aircraft are equipped with chart holder "clipboards" This AC and its appendices provide guidance to airport operators about developing training programs for safe ground vehicle operations, personnel taxiing or towing an aircraft, and pedestrian control on the movement and safety areas of an airport. in this data set occurred because crews became disoriented while taxiing. 0000042407 00000 n 0000010966 00000 n %PDF-1.4 % 0000152122 00000 n All will be 12 inches in depth. And as always, if you start to get an uneasy feeling about where you are or where youre supposed to go, ask the controller for clarification. loading flight management computers. A jump seat rider observed: Another crew reported that they struck As the signalman faces the aircraft, the nose of the aircraft is on the left. on the side window frames. 0000002743 00000 n the Airmen's Information Manual states that when clearing a runway after landing, Other aircraft, vehicles, people and obstacles. problems. Also, ensure that the prop or jet blast doesn't blow into hangars or other airplanes, and have a fire guard nearby. Have a qualified person in the cockpit, check the brakes, call "SWITCH OFF" before moving the prop, and make sure you have a solid footing. Write an essay about the evidence for, and the consequences of, global warming. aircraft-aircraft collisions or near collisions - collisions can result from: failure to follow taxiway centreline guidance failure to stop prior to a stopbar taxiing at speeds unsuited to the conditions or level of congestion taxiway deviation whilst trying to manoeuvre to "squeeze" past another aircraft. The marking requirements for oil tank filler openings are specified by FAR 23.1157. 0000042163 00000 n Contact Ground Control or CTAF, as appropriate: State your aircraft identification, location, type of operation planned (VFR or IFR), if IFR, the point of first intended landing, if VFR, the cardinal direction, and that you have the appropriate ATIS/AWOS/ASOS code: Consider setting the heading bug/course indicator to display the takeoff direction. For aircraft that aren't so equipped, a piece of masking tape in the window Figure 3 illustrates some of the most commonly used helicopter operating signals. When ready to start, call "CONTACT" and listen for the reply. Other aircraft, vehicles, personnel, and other obstacles. What is air-taxi? The sample may have a cloudy or hazy appearance or a solid slug of water. The aircraft may be treated with deicing/anti-icing fluids, placed in a heated hangar then sprayed with anti-icing fluid, or deiced via mechanical means with brooms, rubber scrapers, or forced air. To decrease the risk of collisions, avoid high power settings and increase power slowly. The possibility of fire, especially during engine starting. 0000026526 00000 n Read recommendations for advancing aviation safety resulting from Transportation Safety Board investigations. But stop and consider this: the likelihood of a collision with another What is meant by the term "Hot Start" when starting a jet engine? 0000153829 00000 n aircraft-aircraft collisions or near collisions - collisions can result from: failure to follow taxiway centreline guidance, taxiing at speeds unsuited to the conditions or level of congestion, taxiway deviation whilst trying to manoeuvre to "squeeze" past another aircraft. Air transportation safety concerns and advisories. Vehicle operators - It is imperative that vehicle operators be properly trained, tested and authorised for ramp and taxiway operations. Whenever these thickened fluids are applied, be sure to follow the manufacturer's recommended procedures for your aircraft, including procedures for operation of the engines and auxiliary power unit. What are some of the possible outcomes of using a lower grade avgas than the specified grade? This prevention is dependant upon appropriate training and testing, compliance with clearances, published procedures and right-of-way rules, maintaining situational awareness and adapting speed of movement to suit the weather and surface conditions. Study the procedures in the Airplane Flight Manual. Let's review some of the things which that he became distracted when a Flight Attendant entered the cockpit to give Continue with Recommended Cookies. 0000247639 00000 n Since movement on an airport's surface involves coordination, While the movement of the aircraft is our primary concern, there remain some, Finally, while taxiing seems straight forward, it can also be an art, with, Once your engine has started you must be aware of what you're doing and keep a visual scan, your "flight" has begun, It may be required initially to tow the aircraft before engines are started to be safe, Steering is accomplished with rudder pedals and brakes, The pilot applies the rudder in the desired direction of turn and use the appropriate power or brake to control the taxi speed, To tighten the turn after full pedal deflection is reached, the brake may be applied as needed, When first beginning to taxi, conduct a check of braking effectiveness, Release the brakes, and add power as required to allow the airplane to begin moving forward, Reduce the power to idle and depress the top portion of one side, then the other, to confirm proper function and reaction of both brakes, Be mindful of the area around you (in front, behind, and to the sides), especially if you're in a congested ramp, Checking brakes individually is ideal, but checking them together, if required, will suffice, Apply pressure sufficiently enough to cause the airplane to abruptly dip, or to a full stop if desired, If unsatisfactory, bring the airplane to a stop and consider taxi maneuvers (such as a loop) to maintain position on the airfield, To verify steering, depress the rudder pedal in the direction of turn desired, Verify that the airplane responds properly to the rudder pedal input, Make sure to check the braking and steering for each position that may need to use them (i.e., both seats), More engine power may be required to start the airplane moving forward, or to start a turn, than is required to keep it moving in any given direction, When using additional power, the throttle should immediately be retarded once the airplane begins moving to prevent excessive acceleration, The rudder pedal should be held in the direction of the turn until just short of the point where the turn is to be stopped, Rudder pressure is then released or opposite pressure is applied as needed, When stopping the airplane, it is advisable to always stop with the nosewheel straight ahead to relieve any side load on the nosewheel and to make it easier to start moving ahead, During crosswind taxiing, even the nosewheel-type airplane has some tendency to weathervane, However, the weathervaning tendency is less than in tailwheel-type airplanes because the main wheels are located behind the airplane's center of gravity, and the nosewheel's ground friction helps to resist the tendency, The nosewheel linkage from the rudder pedals provides adequate steering control for safe and efficient ground handling, and normally, only rudder pressure is necessary to correct for a crosswind, Downwind taxiing usually requires less engine power after the initial ground roll is begun, since the wind is pushing the airplane forward, To avoid overheating the brakes and controlling the airplane's speed when taxiing downwind, the pilot must keep engine power to a minimum, Rather than continuously riding the brakes to control speed, it is appropriate to apply brakes only occasionally, Avoid resting toes on the brakes, resulting in unnecessarily dragging the brakes, Other than sharp turns at low speed, the throttle should always be at idle before the brakes are applied, When taxiing at appropriate speeds in no-wind conditions, the aileron and elevator control surfaces have minimal effect on directional control of the airplane, These controls should not be considered steering devices and should be held in a neutral position, The presence of moderate to strong winds and/or a strong propeller slipstream makes use of the aileron and elevator necessary to maintain control of the aircraft's roll/pitch while taxiing, This becomes apparent when considering the lifting action that may be created on the horizontal tail surfaces by either of those two factors, The elevator control in nosewheel-type airplanes should be held in the neutral position, while in tailwheel-type airplanes, it should be held in the full aft position to hold the tail down, When taxiing with a quartering tailwind, the elevator should be held in the DOWN position, and the upwind aileron, DOWN, Since the wind is striking the airplane from behind, these control positions reduce the tendency of the wind to get under the tail and the wing and to nose the airplane over, When taxiing with a quartering headwind, the wing on the upwind side (the side that the wind is coming from) tends to be lifted by the wind unless the aileron control is held in that direction (upwind aileron UP), Moving the aileron into the UP position reduces the effect of the wind striking that wing, thus reducing the lifting action, This control movement also causes the downwind aileron to be placed in the DOWN position, thus a small amount of lift and drag on the downwind wing, further reducing the tendency of the upwind wing to rise, Clearances are required prior to moving an aircraft or vehicle onto the movement area during the hours an, The movement area is normally described in local bulletins issued by the airport manager or air, These bulletins may be found in FSSs, fixed base operators offices, air carrier offices, and operations offices, A clearance must be obtained prior to taxiing on a runway, taking off, or landing during the hours an Airport Traffic Control Tower is in operation, When assigned a takeoff runway, ATC will first specify the runway, issue taxi instructions, and state any hold short instructions or runway crossing clearances if the taxi route will cross a runway, This does not authorize the aircraft to "enter" or "cross" the assigned departure runway at any point, In order to preclude misunderstandings in radio communications, ATC will not use the word "cleared" in conjunction with authorization for aircraft to taxi, ATC will issue an explicit clearance for all runway crossings, If a pilot is expected to hold short of a runway approach/departure (Runway XX APPCH/Runway XX DEP) hold area or ILS holding position (see FIG 2-3-15, Taxiways Located in Runway Approach Area), ATC will issue instructions, ARTCC clearances are relayed to pilots by airport traffic controllers in the following manner, Normally, an ATC IFR clearance is relayed to a pilot by the ground controller.
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